Source: a bad potato (id:iamhtd)
Part I: is it barbarian conquest or surrender? From the emperor Xianbei forbids speaking Xianbei dialect;
Part II: what is the civilization of the Central Plains?
Part III: Why are there five Hu and Sixteen States? Three things have changed the direction of history.
Part four: is it plundering or building an empire? The perplexity of nomads?
Part V: who is the forerunner of Chinese civilization? The attitude towards Buddhism has subverted people’s cognition.
Part VI: the backdoor listing of Hun Liu Yuan;
Part VII: shile of Jie nationality, push open the door of sinicization;
Part VIII: Fu Jian of Di nationality, a Sinologist who devotes himself to learning, is a hero with great talents but women’s benevolence;
Part IX: the land equalization order has laid the economic foundation for national integration.
Part 10: where does China’s powerful gene come from?
Part I:
Xianbei nationality is an ancient nomadic nationality in China that rose on the Mongolian plateau after the Huns.
In 386 A.D., the Xianbei people settled the capital Shengle, which is today linger County in Inner Mongolia, and established the Northern Wei Dynasty.
After 53 years of efforts, Yan was conquered and Rouran was broken. By 439 A.D., tuobatao, the third emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty, had conquered Huxia, Beiyan, Beiliang and other countries, ended the long-term war and unified most of northern China.
If the history of this scene took place in Europe, historians will surely write: barbarian conquest.
But in China, the historical trend is completely different.
In 490 A.D., the 23-year-old Tuoba Hong, Emperor Xiaowen, was in power. The first major thing he did was to overcome public opinion and move the capital to Luoyang.
In Luoyang, Tuoba Hong quickly promoted a series of policies to comprehensively and radically promote the culture and system of the Central Plains:
When learning Chinese, it is forbidden to speak Xianbei language above the court;
The Xianbei compound surname of the Xianbei nationality was changed to the monosyllabic Han surname, and Tuoba Hong himself took the lead and changed its name to Yuan Hong;
Vigorously promote the intermarriage between Xianbei people and Han people;
All rituals, ranging from funeral and marriage to court system, were all changed to Han system, and a large number of Han officials were appointed;
Whether Xianbei or other ethnic minorities, the people must change to wear Han clothes, and all officials of the court must wear Han officials’ uniforms;
………
These measures of Tuoba Hong, that is, Yuan Hong, caused strong dissatisfaction from the Xianbei aristocracy, but Yuan Hong never allowed any room for negotiation, and pushed forward a series of policies with an iron fist, determined to remove immediately any official who was found speaking Xianbei dialect in the court hall, for example.
This scene will only appear in China in global history.
After conquering other nations, powerful nations gave up their own language and culture.
People will wonder, who conquered who?
Part II:
Tuoba Hong is an excellent politician and reformer of Xianbei nationality, but today, we want to say that he is an outstanding hero of the Chinese nation.
In 304 ad, the Western Jin Dynasty perished, and from then on until the Sui Dynasty unified the country in 589, China ushered in a 285 year long era of great division, which was also known as the era of blood, because war and strife seemed to be the main line of history. For nearly three centuries, there had been war, and many dynasties were often a few years from the establishment to the collapse. More than 20 regimes had been established in northern China, with long-term war and chaos, and people’s lives were displaced, hang by a thread…..
However, in the past 300 years, the Chinese civilization has been reshaped and reborn, and has been full of vitality and strength.
Tuoba Hong, doubted by his mother, is an extremely excellent politician who dares to reform. However, during the 285 year period, emperors as excellent as him have emerged in endlessly. They may be born in different cultures and ages, but they all have a common idea:
If anyone can truly learn the culture of the Central Plains and truly master it, he will be the new dawn of Chinese civilization, and he can end the war, unify rivers and mountains, and establish a strong empire.
Then what is the civilization of the Central Plains?
Confucian culture is considered by many people to be the foundation of civilization in the Central Plains. Indeed, after Emperor Xiaowen moved his capital to Luoyang, he immediately expressed “respect for Confucius”, ordered to speed up the construction of Confucius temples to worship Confucius, allocated land and silver money to Confucius’ descendants, and encouraged everyone to worship the founder of this culture.
Today, Confucian culture can be said to be both ice and fire.
Many people believe that Confucianism is still very progressiveness, and even require children to learn ancient Confucianism, literature and etiquette.
There are also many people who believe that Confucianism is the dross and poisonous weeds of China, and that the backwardness of modern China, especially the bullying by the great powers after 1840, is due to Confucian culture.
So is Confucian culture good?
We cannot look at anything without taking into account the background of the times.
First of all, I want to say that the traditional civilization of the Central Plains is not equal to the civilization of Confucianism, but an ancient management order based on a set of etiquette, ideas, systems and values of Confucian culture, which was absorbed and optimized by successive rulers after Confucius was founded around 500 BC.
As for whether the Confucian culture is excellent or not, it can be said that it is too excellent, at least nearly 2000 years ahead of Europe at the same time.
In the era of agricultural civilization or in ancient civilization, under this premise, Confucian culture is the best existence.
When the Confucian civilization was born in 500 BC, Confucius and a hundred contemporary schools were thinking about what kind of social system we should have, and Europe was still at the feet of “God”.
Today, we can also say that the “bookofsongs”, “Shangshu”, “ritual”, “yuejing” and “spring and Autumn” 2500 years ago are immortal classics with philosophical significance. When the Western Han Dynasty took Confucian culture as the core order, Europe hundreds of years later chose to believe in God, which opened a long-term dispute between the Holy See and imperial power.
In global history, Chinese civilization has been at the top of the world for more than 80% of the time. This is because Confucian civilization matches the unified political program and provides a systematic and efficient management order and ethical basis.
Therefore, after 304 A.D., the outstanding rulers of the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Jie, Qiang, Di and other ethnic minorities are very clear that to truly establish a long-term stability of the great empire, we must systematically and completely learn the culture of the Central Plains.
Part III:
In ancient times, the 400mm isoprecipitation line divided China into two completely different worlds. This line is basically where the Great Wall is located.
The climate and soil to the south of this line are suitable for planting. It is an agricultural unified empire. The management method is to organize households and people, and the pursuit is etiquette and order;
The north of this line is suitable for animal husbandry. People can’t settle in a place during childbirth. The tribal alliance system is adopted. Once encountering natural disasters, they can’t guarantee food and clothing, and they will go south to rob, advocating force.
At the beginning of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, several things changed the direction of history.
First of all, according to Zhu Kezhen’s “preliminary study on climate change in the past 5000 years”, China has ushered in a cooling period of nearly 300 years, and the temperature has cooled rapidly.
In ancient China, the Central Plains Dynasty was prone to prosperity when the climate was warm, but chaos when the climate was cold. Why.
Because when the climate is warm, the nomads in the north are rich in water and grass, and can be completely self-sufficient. There is no need to rob the Central Plains with their own animal products in exchange for salt, iron and other products with the Central Plains.
After all, although the proceeds of robbery are high, the risks are also high. If you don’t do well, you’ll die.
Once the climate is cold, not only can we not find water and grass, but also cattle and sheep may be frozen to death. Since they are going to starve to death, nomads will take risks and harass the Central Plains.
In the 300 years of the northern and Southern Dynasties, the nomads “had to rob and rob if they didn’t rob”.
Secondly, the stirrup appeared, which can be said to be China’s fifth largest invention and changed the world.
In the Western Han Dynasty, the horse stirrup was invented;
During the Three Kingdoms period, there was a single stirrup;
In the Jin Dynasty, the double stirrup was widely used in military affairs.
When there was no stirrup, the cavalry just ran fast, because he had to hold the horse’s neck all the time to prevent himself from falling down. With stirrups, the combat effectiveness of the cavalry suddenly increased by more than 10 times!
The greatest function of the stirrup is to liberate both hands, so that the cavalry can control the balance with both feet to rush, stab, chop and hit on the horse, which greatly improves the combat effectiveness of the cavalry and truly integrates men and horses.
This invention is very detrimental to agricultural civilization. As I said in the Han Dynasty, before the technological breakthrough of the civilization in the Central Plains, or there is no effective organization, under normal circumstances, the agricultural nation can’t beat the nomadic nation, for one thing, it is a professional bonus, and for the other, it is because the output of good horses, horses, for agricultural civilization, is only a symbol of identity, but for the nomadic nation, it is a common means of production.
The invention of stirrup further widened the battle gap between nomadic and agricultural nations.
Third, the decadent Western Jin Dynasty “gained the country wrongly” and usurped the Wei Dynasty, which was completely different from the Qin and Han Dynasties and even the Wei, Shu and Wu dynasties of the Three Kingdoms, which established their dynasties by relying on the flourishing martial arts.
Emperor Wu of Jin himself came from an aristocratic family. After long-term development, his family had long formed a huge group of dignitaries. The political style was dark, the law was perverted, and bribery was popular. Finally, he and the aristocratic family became a “aristocratic federal regime”. The imperial power was dim, and the internal problems could not be solved, let alone facing the covetous nomads.
At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Sima family wanted to rely on the enfeoffment of princes to suppress the local gentry. As a result, the “rebellion of the eight kings” broke out, and civil strife broke out everywhere. Therefore, under this background, the five ethnic minorities of Xiongnu, Jie, di, Qiang and Xianbei moved inward and began crazy looting.
At that time, the Western Jin Dynasty was like the Li te refugee uprising. The gentry were decadent and incompetent, and the imperial power declined. It was simply vulnerable. It was soon beaten by the nomads, and the flames rose all over the Central Plains.
In 316 ad, Chang’an fell, the Huns almost controlled the whole Central Plains, the Eastern Jin dynasty fell, and the great split era of the Sixteen Kingdoms of the five Hu Dynasty came.
Part IV
At this time, it was very easy for nomads to rob northern China, which was almost a power vacuum, but soon the problem was in front of them.
Is it to return to the grassland with rich spoils after robbery? Or stay and rule the Central Plains?
If you are ruling the Central Plains, will you continue to rob, or will you build an empire?
Because the nomadic tribal alliance system can not be effectively managed in the Central Plains, unless the entire northern China is turned into a prairie to herd sheep.
What else to do? Let farmers chase water and grass to live and farm?
In addition, in northern China at this time, after all, the Han nationality still accounted for the vast majority of the population.
At this time, nearly 500 years have passed since Qin Shihuang unified China in 221 BC, and the culture of the Central Plains has long been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. Almost all talented and ambitious nomadic rulers, almost without exception, chose a direction:
He claimed that he was the successor of the Central Plains culture, was the forerunner of Chinese civilization, and was fascinated to learn Confucian culture.
This scene is very strange. It can be said that as the “invaders” of nomads, their piety and worship for the culture of the Central Plains far exceeded that of the Southern Dynasty at that time.
Part V
During the northern and Southern Dynasties, people suffered from war. At this time, religion quickly became a placebo for people, and Buddhism was widely spread at this time.
In the Southern Dynasty, the doctrine of Buddhism was rapidly integrated with the scholar class, which advocated oratory and metaphysics, and became their popular belief and widely spread “fashion”. The prosperity of Buddhism far exceeded Confucianism and Taoism. By the time of emperor Liang Wu, there were as many as 30000 temples and more than 3million monks and nuns in the Southern Dynasty.
However, Emperor Liang Wu took the lead in believing in Buddhism and almost took Buddhism as the national religion. He not only personally supervised and built more than 10 large monasteries, but also presided over and opened many large-scale water and land retreats and open-ended meetings, which made the image of Buddhist salvation quickly established in the hearts of the people.
In order to express his desire to respect the Buddha, Emperor Wu of Liang was fantastical. He sacrificed himself to be a slave in Tongtai Temple four times and was willing to serve the monks:
Every time the emperor died in a trick, it was the ministers who spent 100 million yuan to invite him back to work. Four times of sacrifice brought a huge income of 400 million yuan to Tongtai temple.
However, Buddhism encountered a completely different situation in the Northern Dynasty.
Tuobatao, Emperor Taiwu of the Northern Wei Dynasty, was furious when he heard that Buddhism was popular and understood the purpose and reason of Buddhism. He carried out a seven-year campaign to destroy Buddhism, burning Buddhist scriptures and destroying Buddhist statues.
Why?
The reason is that the monasteries do not have to pay taxes, and monks can be exempted from corvee. Everyone is a monk. Who will complete the “great cause of unifying the world” in the Northern Wei Dynasty? Did everyone listen to the Buddha? Who listens to the emperor?
But this is not the most important. The most important thing is:
Buddhism? Isn’t that the cultural thought passed down by the Hu people in India?
Our Northern Wei Dynasty is the forerunner of Chinese civilization, and we believe in Confucian civilization. How can we believe in the heresy of the Hu people?
This scene also happened during the period of Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Yu Wenyong. He held seven debate meetings, and finally decided that Confucianism was the first, Taoism was the second, and Buddhism was the second.
However, Emperor Wu of Zhou was still unwilling to think about it. He felt that if so, his belief in Chinese civilization was not pure, so he issued an edict saying: both Buddhism and Taoism, scriptures and statues were destroyed, and all Buddhist monks were returned to the common people. All Buddhist property was distributed to his subjects, temples, pagodas and temples, and distributed to the prince.
This is the Buddha killing order!
Well, so In the Southern Dynasty, which was once considered to be the backtracking of Chinese civilization, Buddhism from India spread widely, outstripping Confucianism and Taoism, and the emperor took the lead in sacrificing himself to the temple for practice.
However, the Northern Dynasty, which was regarded as ruled by the Hu people in the Southern Dynasty, firmly believed that it was the positive trace of the Chinese civilization, and it was absolutely not allowed for the religion of the Hu people to spread in its own territory, because the Confucian civilization was the pure culture.
So, who do you think is Zhengsu?
From 304 to 589 A.D., the great split era lasted for nearly 300 years. If we must find a main line in the long history of wolves, it is the process of Hu people thinking and exploring how to become people in the Central Plains, and applying what they have learned to become Chinese civilization.
Part VI:
The first one to appear was the Hun. He said that his surname was Liu Yuan, and he was the heir of the Han Dynasty.
Because the Xiongnu’s Madden Chanyu married the Han Dynasty’s princess, so Madden Chanyu was the Han Dynasty’s son-in-law, and he was the Han Dynasty’s grandson
Anyway, it’s such a logic.
Liu Yuan is indeed an iron fan of the Han culture. He lived in Luoyang since childhood, read poetry and books, and recited the historical records and Han books. Although he was the grandson of the southern Hun Shan Yu and the son of King Zuo Xian, Liu Yuan never thought he was more Han than the Han people.
In 304 ad, Liu Yuan led the Huns to establish themselves as kings. The generals said: with your Majesty’s great talent and strategy, you can certainly recover the great cause of the Huns.
As a result, Liu Yuan immediately replied:
Xiongnu’s great cause, Xiongnu’s great cause is easy to recover. I want to learn from Han Gaozu and unify China!
So Liu Yuanjian’s year was Yuan Xi, and he built the throne of three ancestors and five sects below the emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty for sacrifice, and pursued Liu Chan as emperor Xiaohuai Well, anyway, this generation is also quite chaotic.
Liu Bei never thought that his unfinished dream was almost realized by a Hun
Then Liu Yuan appointed Han people, appointed hundreds of officials, appointed Liu Xuan as the prime minister, Cui you as the censor, and Liu Hong as the imperial Lieutenant
Liu Yuan, can be said to be the first refined Han in the Sixteen Kingdoms of five Hu, is a spiritual man
He believed that as long as he raised the banner of a big man and his martial arts, he could naturally unify the Central Plains, but there was no such simple thing.
The debate between China and foreigners, the contradiction between Hu and Han, and the conflict between grassland civilization and Central Plains Civilization have been for thousands of years. Just say you are the son-in-law of Han Gaozu? Why should others trust you?
Liu Yuan believes in Han culture, but do his subordinates and descendants believe in it? They don’t understand this at all. They think it’s simply looking for someone to be a wild father, and they have nothing to smoke.
Liu Yao, Liu Yuan’s successor, didn’t eat this set at all, and directly changed the country name to Zhao. He was no longer willing to worship the patriarchal clan of the Han Dynasty, but re recognized his ancestors and returned to the descendants of madun Chanyu.
Thus, the bloody tyranny of the Xiongnu quickly resurrected. By the third generation of emperor Liu Cong, he began to restore his nature as a grassland robber, using the tribal leader’s way to manage the Central Plains, indulging in sex and lust and killing.
After catching Jin Huaidi, he asked him to be a waiter at his banquet and serve himself tea and wine. All the old ministers in the Central Plains saw that they lost their voice and cried. Liu Cong was furious. He thought that the Han Dynasty was still the aspiration of the people and could not tolerate it for a moment, and killed Jin Huaidi
The former Zhao Dynasty established by Liu Yuan was destined to last for a long time, and finally sharpened the contradiction between Hu and Han and intensified national hatred.
The Huns failed, and their restoration of the Han Dynasty was just a look, using only the shells of the Han Dynasty, and doing the work of the grassland nomads. The former Zhao regime only existed for 25 years.
Part VII:
The first person who really wants to learn Han culture, integrate Hu and Han, and then unify the country, and can barely be called a hero in troubled times, is shile of Jie nationality, who established the post Han regime in AD 319.
Shile can be said to have almost restored the Han system. When he was in the army, he specially used Han people to set up a staff department for himself. After unifying more than half of the north, he reduced rent and suspended punishment, opened schools, verified registered residence, re formulated weights and measures, and promoted the economic development of the north.
Shile attached great importance to culture and education, set up imperial colleges in various places, and selected 300 children of his subordinates to receive education by studying the composition of officials who were good at writing the Ming Sutra. Later, shile added more than ten primary schools in Xiangguo, including Xuanwen, xuanjiao, chongru, chongxun, and so on, and selected subordinates and Haozu children to enter. Shile has even visited the school to assess students’ understanding of the classical meaning, and those with good grades will be rewarded.
But is that enough? I can only say that it is not enough.
Because the Confucian culture based on farming civilization and the tribal culture based on grassland civilization are too different. The ideology and ethics are completely different. The Hu people completely don’t understand or understand the etiquette of the Han people Just one emperor cannot change the situation.
It is almost impossible for tribes who have long been used to herding, hunting, or looting to coexist peacefully with the weaver households and the Qi people, because these are two peoples with different living conditions, shile, who can restrict themselves, but cannot restrict their deployment.
After all, the military tribe of the Jie nationality is its own basic plate, and it must not be offended.
On the one hand, there are grassland tribes that represent their military power, and on the other hand, they represent the farming civilization and future ambition they yearn for. Shile can only find a balance in the middle.
Grassland tribes have been robbing across the Great Wall for hundreds of years. People in the Central Plains have a long history of disgust and hatred for them, and the Hu people must be sensitive and suspicious about it. This contradiction is difficult to reconcile.
The Jie nationality seized the northern regime and was extremely ashamed and angry at the Han people calling them Hu people. Therefore, shile made a decree: no matter what you say or write, the word Hu is strictly prohibited, and violators will be punished.
However, as the ruling class, the Jie nationality still cannot change its nature of bullying other nationalities and robbing at every turn. The contradiction between Hu and Han is often imminent.
According to the records of the spring and Autumn period of the Sixteen Kingdoms, Shi Le was summoning a local official. When he saw fan Tan, the governor of Xiangguo, coming to see him wearing patched rags, he was very dissatisfied. He immediately asked: Fan Tan, why did you come to court when you were disheveled?
Fan Tan said angrily: a gang of Jie thieves robbed all their possessions and even robbed their clothes, so that I had to come in rags.
As soon as he finished speaking, he realized that he had violated the ban and quickly kowtowed to apologize;
This also fully shows that the Hu people are hard to change their nature and still can’t forget their old business. They like to rob and solve problems with violence. They came to the colorful world of the Central Plains from the grassland and like to rob everything they see.
What can shile do?
There is no way. It takes a long time to integrate such ethnic contradictions and cultural differences.
Part VIII:
Liu Yuan can score 10 points, Shi Le can score 30 points, and Fu Jian of the former Qin Dynasty can score more than 80 points.
He was a real emperor with great talents and strategies. In terms of martial arts, he destroyed the former Yan, leveled the former Liang, and attacked more than 30 western regions, truly realizing the complete reunification of northern China.
Fu Jian, a di ethnic group, is also a Sinologist. He has been familiar with classics and history since childhood. Since he ascended the throne, he has paid the most attention to culture and education. He visits the Imperial College every month to examine the meaning of various living scriptures. He once said that his goal was not to fall to Confucius, the Duke of Zhou, morally, but to surpass the martial arts of Han Dynasty in practice.
Due to the war, there are still 20 articles written by Fu Jian, who survived today. The words are gorgeous, elegant and full of charm
It can be said that it is difficult for ancient emperors to surpass Fu Jian in the understanding and learning of “benevolence” in Confucian culture.
He wanted to truly realize what Confucius said “to convince people with virtue”.
While planning to attack the Eastern Jin Dynasty to unify the country, he has reserved a good position for the Eastern Jin Dynasty monarchs and ministers in the imperial court to repair the mansion, and wants to imitate the “rise and fall” of Zhou Zheng.
In the attack on the surrounding tribes, he did not kill any king of the subjugated country. Moreover, every time a country was destroyed, the members of the imperial clan of the country would be admitted to the Imperial College, so that they could learn the Confucian classics of the Han people.
Whether for the Han nationality or ethnic minorities, we have achieved real “universal love”. Well, at least among the emperors, we have done the best.
He captured Murong Xianbei, but refused to kill him. He arranged Murong Wei and Murong Chui monarchs and ministers to enter the dynasty as officials. Countless people persuaded him to eliminate hidden dangers, but he remained unmoved Well, of course, it finally caused a disaster for him.
Fu Jian is definitely an alternative. Almost all historical records on him are:
Make great efforts to govern, put the Han people’s capable officials in high position, rectify the administration of officials, and recruit talents;
Restrain the powerful, reclaim wasteland, develop mountains and rivers, and recuperate
Sacrifice to the Chinese sages, widely build Taixue, and the school is prosperous
Anyway, it’s all good words
In the pre Qin Dynasty of the Fu Jian era, it was almost impossible to see that this was a Hu regime, and the people lived and worked in peace and contentment. The Folk Song said:
Chang’an Avenue, Yanghuai verdant;
Get off the Chihua car and perch on the Phoenix;
Talents gather to teach my people;
Later generations’ evaluation of Fu Jian is almost unanimous. Zhou Siyuan believes that Fu Jian has three major contributions:
Unify northern China so that the people will not suffer from the chaos of warlord separatism;
Vigorously promote the Han culture and promote the cultural exchange and national peaceful integration in northern China;
The pacification of the western regions continued the jurisdiction and influence of the Central Plains regime on the western regions since the Han Dynasty.
If there was no battle of Feishui, Fu Jian’s achievements would be perfect.
In 375 ad, Wang Meng, Fu Jian’s core adviser, died and left his last words to Fu Jian before his death:
Although the Jin Dynasty was secluded in the south of the Yangtze River, it was Chinese Orthodox and peaceful. After his death, his Majesty must not attempt to destroy the Jin Dynasty. Xianbei and Xiqiang are enemies of our country. Sooner or later, they will become a scourge. They should be gradually eradicated in order to benefit the country.
Fu Jian burst into tears, but he must feel very uncomfortable with Wang Meng’s words in his heart.
Because in Fu Jian’s view, he is the successor of the Han Empire and the forerunner of Chinese civilization. Whether it is the ability to govern a country, character and military achievements, the Sima family in Pianan corner of the Eastern Jin Dynasty is completely incomparable to him.
What qualifications do they deserve the orthodoxy of Chinese civilization?
Indeed, Fu Jian’s talent is not a little stronger than that of any royal family of Sima family, but nothing at all.
If we must say Fu Jian’s shortcomings, Zhu Yuanzhang commented on him hundreds of years later and said:
“Strong, intelligent and generous… The so-called courage of every man is the kindness of women”
Er, for Zhu Yuanzhang, who is prone to killing meritorious officials, Fu Jian is really too More than generous.
I can’t say whether it is Fu Jian’s advantage or disadvantage to be generous, but as an emperor, Mu Yong doubts that this is his weakness.
Later generations generally believed that Fu Jian had lost before the battle of Feishui, because he was too generous
Fu Jian believes that he is kind to every ethnic group, whether Han people, Huns, Xianbei, Jie, Di, Qiang
However, the integration of nations and common goals can not be achieved by any monarch in a short time based on his personal ability. Only time
Fu Jian ascended the throne in 357 and launched the battle of Feishui in 382, with only 25 years in between.
In these 25 years, the former Qin Dynasty expanded rapidly and took the whole north of China. Almost all tribes were attached to it. His army is a real “multinational force”, which is a pot of raw rice, and people of all ethnic groups have it.
If you say you want to find the basic plate inside, you can’t find it. Of course, Fu Jian doesn’t think so. He thinks he should be the Communist Lord of the Central Plains and the people’s hearts belong to him.
However, in just over 20 years, there is no so-called integration among all ethnic groups. Everyone has their own thoughts, and there is no common “great power dream” at all. They don’t want to unify, and they don’t want to fight anyway
At the pre war meeting of Feishui, the voices of opposition rose higher and higher.
The former Qin army was known as a million troops, but as a result, the armies shirked responsibility to each other. Barely 200000 people of the vanguard army reached the front line, while the Eastern Jin army had only 80000 people. When fighting, the former Qin army was on the verge of collapse, and then it was defeated like a mountain.
Why did Fu Jian, a man of great talent, lose so badly?
Because there is no political foundation or mass foundation, all ethnic groups in the army have different dreams and do not want to fight at all. This is the reason.
You know, these tribes under Fu Jian’s command were still fighting against each other a few years ago, but now they are united and bled for the dream of reunification. This is an impossible task.
Fu Jian, the forefoot just failed, and the chieftains of Xianbei, Qiang and other tribes who had just been unified were unwilling to wait for a moment. They all raised troops to rebel and establish a separatist regime.
He was lenient to the enemy, but the enemy was not lenient to him. Fu Jian was soon besieged by the Qiang nationality. In order to avoid being insulted by others, he killed his two daughters reluctantly, and finally he was hanged in Xinping Buddhist temple. The former Qin regime was destroyed and shattered.
Fu Jian’s slogan is to mix one and six to help the common people, which has not been realized after all.
Part IX:
When we see the dawn of reunification again, it is about 100 years later in the period of Emperor Xiaowen.
If Fu Jian can score 80 points, then Emperor Xiaowen Tuoba Hong can definitely score 100 points.
Because in addition to moving the capital and restructuring, Tuoba Hong also completed the most critical step in the reconstruction of Chinese civilization.
Equal field order.
If Fu Jian didn’t let all ethnic groups have a common dream of a big country, then Juntian order has completed this step. After Tuoba Hong, it has laid a solid economic foundation. Reunification is imperative, just depending on who completed it.
In 485 ad, Emperor Xiaowen will distribute the land and a large number of ownerless wasteland owned by the Northern Wei Dynasty to the people of all ethnic groups. Farmers will pay taxes to the government and undertake certain corvee and military service.
It can be summarized as follows:
Men over 15 years old are granted 40 mu of open fields, women over 15 years old are granted 20 mu of open fields, and the number of open fields granted by male and female slaves is the same as the above. The land granted to dingniu is 30 mu per head, limited to 4 cattle. The land granted to the people is given twice as much for rest in rotation. If it belongs to the land that has been cultivated for one year and rested for two years, it is given three times. When people are old, they are exempt from paying rent and taxes, and when they die, the land is returned to the government.
Pay attention to the last sentence, that is, land is owned by the state and cannot be bought or sold.
This decree has fundamentally won the support of the people and changed the land annexation that has worsened for hundreds of years since the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Juntian order was the most critical step from division to integration in the northern and Southern Dynasties. In this way, no matter what ethnic group it used to be or what it used to be, it has now become a household choreographer under the Northern Wei government.
The so-called household registration and the integration of the people, that is, to manage the people with households as units, is called household registration. At the same time, abolish the “wild leaders” of any tribe or clan, or the elders and chiefs of local nobles in the past. All people are subjects of the government, which is called the Qi people, collectively known as the “household Qi people”.
The establishment of households and the integration of the people are the basis of unified management, and the economic condition is agricultural civilization.
In the culture of nomadic tribes, there can be no “household arrangement and common people”. The people are mobile. If the weather is good, they will herd sheep, and if the weather is bad, they will rob. This is also the biggest difference between agricultural civilization and grassland civilization.
And when all people carry hoes to farm, ethnic differences will naturally disappear slowly with the passage of time.
If we say that Emperor Xiaowen’s cultural reform laid the orthodox thought of China, and the land equalization order created the economic foundation, so that the whole North quickly returned to the agricultural civilization again.
In AD 499, Emperor Xiaowen died at the age of 33 with the seven temples in Yangon in mind and the will to help the common people. After him, the Northern Wei Dynasty was divided into the Eastern Wei Dynasty and the Western Wei Dynasty again, but a series of policies laid down by him were inherited, and the land equalization order was implemented until the Sui and Tang Dynasties hundreds of years later.
Northern China, from culture to economy, has been irreversibly sinicized, and reunification is only a matter of time.
Part 10:
42 years later, Yang Jian was born in the Northern Zhou Dynasty.
Yang Jian, a Han, is the 14th grandson of Han Taiwei Yang Zhen.
His wife, Dugu Jialuo, is the seventh daughter of Dugu Xin, a native of Xianbei in the Northern Zhou Dynasty.
It can be said that Yang Jian first has a very suitable identity. Finally, the end of nearly three centuries of war, the great cause of reunification fell to Yang Jian.
This is another story.
At this time, in the northern region, after 300 years of Hu Han integration, Yang Jian can also find the genealogy, but as many ordinary people, it has long been unclear who is Han and who is Hu.
The Xiongnu, Jie, Di, Qiang and other ethnic groups active in the Central Plains have been fully integrated with the Han nationality. In addition to the military aristocracy, the regime in the North was also transferred from nomadic tribes to traditional farmers. Since the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, ethnic contradictions have tended to moderate, and the opposition between ethnic groups has ceased to exist
Or we can say that all these nationalities have been absorbed into a new Chinese nation. By the Tang Dynasty, the new Hu people were Turks, Huihe, Kaihe, Tubo and Liuzhao, while the previous traditional five Hu These nationalities can’t be found Because they have become “new Han people”
After reading this history, we want to ask, why is the history of China completely different from that of Europe?
Why must China’s history be divided for a long time?
In the nearly 300 years of chaos, whether in the northern or Southern Dynasties, in the 300 years of chaos in the Wei, Jin, southern and Northern Dynasties, but all emperors or generals who have ideas do not want to unify.
Not only did the Northern Dynasty repeatedly want to unify China, but even the Southern Dynasty’s muddled emperors pretended to want to unify. By the Eastern Jin Dynasty, it was so declining, or to the corner of Chen pian’an in song, Qi and Liang dynasties, which was far inferior to the national strength of the north, and also launched 12 unification wars successively.
The regimes established by the Hu people in the Northern Dynasty have made greater efforts to prove that they are the orthodox culture of the Central Plains, and they should go all out to learn Confucian culture.
Ultimately, it is only a matter of time before China is reunified.
Today, the decline of Europe and the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation are inevitable, because there is a broken Europe on one side and a united China on the other.
We want to thank two people for this historical necessity.
One is represented by Confucius, the Chinese philosophers of 2500 years ago. When the so-called thinkers of the same era in the world were still thinking about God creating the world, Confucius had said the philosophical theory of unknown life and death, thinking about how to build the order of the world, which was constantly improved and became the foundation of the civilization of the Central Plains.
The other is Qin Shihuang, who achieved great unity and resolutely implemented the county system. His achievements are not only that, but also in his design of books and texts, cars on the same track, degrees on the same system, lines on the same Lun, places on the same territory
Since then, reunification has become the eternal brand of the Chinese nation and the ultimate necessity of history.
It can be said that China’s powerful genes have been forged since 230 BC!