The location of the mausoleum of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty has been confirmed!!!
Hot search first!
Just today
In the morning, the State Administration of cultural relics finally announced at the meeting the whole story of the confirmation of the mausoleum of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty.
The tomb that was confirmed as baling this time has been called “Jiangcun tomb” by archaeologists before the identity of its owner was confirmed. Since 2017, archaeologists have successively carried out rescue excavations of several external storage pits around the Jiangcun tomb.
Excavation site of Jiangcun tomb source: Shaanxi Institute of Archaeology
During the excavation, the archaeological team successively excavated more than 1500 cultural relics, including pottery figurines, bronze seals, bronze chariots and horses, iron and pottery.
Source: Shaanxi Institute of Archaeology
Among them, the shape and scale of the “Ya” shaped tomb, the copper seals printed with words such as “Che Fu” and “Qi Fu”, and thousands of painted pottery figurines in clothes all tell us that the shape and scale of the Jiangcun tomb meet the highest level tomb specifications of the Western Han Dynasty.
Source: Shaanxi Institute of Archaeology
However, at this time, archaeologists are still not sure which emperor’s tomb this Jiangcun tomb is. Until the discovery of the garden wall site in the cemetery recently, together with the mausoleum of empress Dou and the mausoleum of Empress Dowager Bo distributed around it, experts finally confirmed that Jiangcun tomb is the mausoleum of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, which has been mistaken by people for nearly a thousand years.
The Phoenix beak that was originally considered as baling
However, even if it has been confirmed, many people will still be confused. What does this evidence represent? How do you know this is the imperial cemetery?
All this is related to a set of imperial mausoleum system that has been developed for a long time.
01
Why build Imperial Tombs?
What is the imperial mausoleum?
Mausoleum, originally meant to be a high and abrupt hill, later extended to be a high mound on the tomb. Since the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, it is used to refer to the magnificent noble tombs. After the appearance of the mausoleum of the first emperor of Qin, “mausoleum” became the exclusive name of the emperor’s tomb.
The Western Xia imperial mausoleum, a huge heap sealing source: Photo Network
For emperors who sleep in tombs, tombs are the kingdom of the underworld they rule; For the real world, the imperial mausoleum is a distinct political symbol.
On the one hand, it is the conclusion of the successor to the predecessor. On the other hand, the existence of the imperial mausoleum indicates the legitimacy and continuation of the royal rule of the current Dynasty.
The Shinto of the Ming Tombs was a mausoleum built by Zhu Yuanzhang for his grandfather. Photo source: Photo Network
For this reason, Qinshihuang built the imperial mausoleum in accordance with the blueprint of the city from the beginning. The emperors of the Han Dynasty and the Han Dynasty will consider the systematic imperial mausoleum system. The emperors of the northern and Southern Dynasties were obsessed with gorgeous tomb decoration, and the emperors of the Tang and Song Dynasties created a new imperial mausoleum pattern.
In this craze for mausoleums, the imperial tombs have gradually developed corresponding models.
Source of the Shinto of the Ming Mausoleum: Photo Network
The imperial mausoleum is generally composed of two parts: above ground and underground. The above ground part is the face of an imperial mausoleum, including mausoleum, dormitory and temple buildings, que platform, mound, etc., while the underground part is mainly underground palace, burial pit and burial tomb.
Underground palace of Ming Shu King Mausoleum source: Photo Network
In feudal society, imperial tombs had dual meanings.
On the one hand, it was the highest standard tomb at that time, which played a leading and exemplary role in the concept and practice of funeral.
On the other hand, it also symbolizes the capital city of the underworld ruled by the emperor after his death. When it was built, there was a set of imperial mausoleum system endorsement, which played a role as a political symbol.
02
A brief history of imperial tombs
With the development of the times, the shape of the imperial mausoleum has also undergone corresponding changes.
Qin Period
The first imperial mausoleum in Chinese history
In the Qin Dynasty, the first imperial mausoleum in Chinese history, the mausoleum of the first emperor of Qin, not only formed the basic institutional norms for the construction of Imperial Mausoleums, but also laid the concept and tone for the construction of Imperial Mausoleums in later generations. In the whole history of Chinese imperial tombs, the Qin Dynasty imperial tombs played a leading role.
Qinshihuang Mausoleum: the first blueprint for the construction of the imperial mausoleum
The mausoleum of the first emperor of Qin Dynasty is the first imperial mausoleum in Chinese history. It established the basic pattern of the above ground and underground parts of the imperial mausoleum of later generations.
Generally speaking, Qinshihuang built his mausoleum according to the system of a imperial city.
Panoramic view of Qinshihuang Mausoleum source: Photo Network
From the perspective of city, the mausoleum of the first emperor of Qin Dynasty is an internal and external important city, which can be divided into four spaces: fengdui – Inner City – between inner and outer cities – outside the outer city.
The core of the imperial mausoleum is the imperial mound and the underground palace under it. The shape of the former is like an inverted funnel. The historical records records records that the earth sealing of the mausoleum of Qinshihuang was “more than 50 feet high”, which is 116 meters today. Even after thousands of years of wind and sand reduction, the measured data now is 62.3 meters, equivalent to a 20 story apartment.
Source: Qinshihuang Mausoleum Museum
Under this apartment, there is the underground palace of Qinshihuang, where Qinshihuang himself sleeps.
Say the important thing three times: we already knew where Qinshihuang was buried! We already knew where Qinshihuang was buried! We already knew where Qinshihuang was buried! Source: Qinshihuang Mausoleum Museum
However, archaeologists have not yet excavated underground palaces. On the one hand, it is limited to the current technical means. On the other hand, it is also because the initiative to excavate underground palaces does not meet the discipline objectives of archaeology.
However, the above ground buildings, accompanying tombs and pits in the imperial mausoleum have been excavated systematically, so we can reasonably infer the functional zoning of each part of the mausoleum area.
In the inner city, the dormitories and toilet halls are the daily living places; In the small town in the northeast corner, there are women buried with them, which should be the harem of Qinshihuang; “Lishan food officer” and “Yuansi official house” were found between the inner and outer cities, responsible for the logistics support in the city; Outside the city, the Terra Cotta Warriors pit guards the safety of the city.
Terra Cotta Warriors source: Photo Network
It is worth noting that there is also a “Tomb of Xiuling people” on the west side of the imperial mausoleum.
Here we can overturn a black pot on the head of Qinshihuang: “in order not to expose the location of the mausoleum, Qinshihuang killed all the people who repaired the mausoleum.”.
In fact, as long as the Qin Dynasty was to survive, the cemetery would have regular sacrificial activities, and mausoleum officials would be responsible for daily maintenance. Moreover, there were dozens of meters high mounds on the tomb. Therefore, the location of the underground palace of the imperial mausoleum could be said to be “known to all people on earth” at that time.
Tile inscriptions unearthed from the cemetery of Xiuling people mean: East Wudong is not more expensive to live idly. That is, the deceased’s surname was Ju, and the place of dispatch (place of origin and residence) was Dongwu Dongxian (now various cities in Shandong). He had no more titles, and those who lived in wealth sent him to Xiuling to serve. Source: the place of super son
However, the tomb of Xiuling people can indeed be regarded as a criminal evidence of the atrocities of Qinshihuang oppressing the working people.
The people buried here are mainly those who died in the project due to various reasons. At the same time, some scholars believe that the tomb of Xiuling people is a sacrificial pit for killing living people after completion.
Qinshihuang Mausoleum source: Network
Tip: the mausoleum of the first emperor of Qin is the world’s first batch of world cultural heritage, the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units, and the national 5A tourist attraction. It can be said that it is the most valuable imperial mausoleum in the country.
Imperial tombs of the Han Dynasty
Establish the ancient imperial mausoleum system
The imperial mausoleum of the Han Dynasty developed on the basis of inheriting the mausoleum of the first emperor of Qin Dynasty, and formed a relatively clear imperial mausoleum system in long-term practice, which became the main reference for later generations to build Imperial Mausoleums.
Source: Imperial Mausoleum by iqiyi
When it comes to the imperial mausoleum of the Han Dynasty, we have to mention Guo Jie. According to the historical records, the great Sima Weiqing made a special trip to the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to intercede for the relocation of Guo Jie, a Jianghu person. The outbreak point of its contradiction lies in the fact that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty moved various prefectures and states to Maoling.
However, the great influence of this private personage aroused the vigilance of Emperor Wu. Wei Qing’s efforts not only did not prevent Guo Jie from leaving his hometown, but also foreshadowed the murder of the latter.
This story is related to the Lingyi system in the Western Han Dynasty, that is, people moved to live near the imperial mausoleum.
Maoling and Maoling City source: vogue Xingping V
At that time, the Han Dynasty initially established the country, and the families of dignitaries and rich people scattered all over the country, so there was the possibility of supporting and separating the regime. Therefore, the imperial court decided to move the families of meritorious officials and rich people from all over the country near the mausoleum, which was convenient for the central government to directly control these unstable factors, and for the mausoleum to be worshipped and make it prosperous.
As a result, Lingyi has gradually become a residential area for the children of dignitaries. Li Bai has a famous saying that “five mausoleums are young, gold markets are East, silver saddles and white horses spend the spring breeze”.
Distribution map of imperial tombs in Han Dynasty except PA Mausoleum
In addition to the establishment of mausoleum towns, most of the imperial mausoleum systems of the Western Han Dynasty were finalized in the period of Emperor Wu, and some even affected the subsequent construction of Imperial Mausoleums. It mainly includes the following items:
Set Ling No.:
Each emperor’s mausoleum has its own name, which is similar to the posthumous title and temple title. The mausoleum number is also determined by the emperor’s life and achievements, which is somewhat conclusive.
Fixed layout of cemetery
?
It is slightly different from the mausoleum of the first emperor of Qin Dynasty. The earth sealing of the Western Han Dynasty mausoleum is located in the middle of the mausoleum, and a square Mausoleum City is built with rammed earth walls around it. The whole cemetery is arranged in a cross center with the pile sealing as the center. The doors are opened on all sides, and there are three que gates.
Emperor empress joint burial system:
The emperor and empress are buried together in different tombs, and the rear mausoleum is on the east side of the imperial mausoleum.
Funeral system for meritorious officials:
Meritorious officials were allowed to be buried near the imperial mausoleum, so that they could continue to accompany the king after death. This broke the tradition of family co burial in aristocratic cemeteries with blood ties as the link, and instead formed a “court of the underworld” with politics as the link.
The golden seal of the general riding in Yangling Mausoleum of emperor Jing of Han Dynasty
The establishment of these systems has since announced the establishment of each emperor’s unique posthumous state. When the emperor died, he would bring his Empress, administrative team, palace facilities, subjects and people into the posthumous world.
In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the above-mentioned system experienced some changes, but no major changes.
Source: wasp nest
Tips: most of the imperial tombs of the Western Han Dynasty are located on the Xianyang plain on the North Bank of the Weihe River. The imperial tombs of the Eastern Han Dynasty have two trillion domains in the north and south. The southern trillion domain is in Yanshi and the northern trillion domain is in Mengjin. Among these imperial tombs, the most fruitful excavation results are the Yangling Mausoleum of emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty, which was listed as the Sixth Batch of national cultural protection units in 2001. There are two main attractions of Yang Mausoleum. The first is to show the complete layout of the Imperial Mausoleums of the two Han Dynasties. The second is the large number of buried pottery figurines unearthed in its mass graves.
Aerial view of the imperial mausoleum site
Imperial tombs of Wei, Jin, southern and Northern Dynasties
Thin burial and split fusion
During the Wei, Jin and southern and Northern Dynasties, there were many dynasties, and a large number of imperial tombs naturally emerged. On the basis of inheriting the legacy of the Qin and Han Dynasties, the imperial mausoleum began to undergo new changes under the influence of the thin burial custom and the nomadic culture.
In addition, most of the underground palaces in the imperial tombs of this period were excavated scientifically, so we can finally have a glimpse of the buried bones of the emperors.
The imperial mausoleum of Wei and Jin Dynasties: the product of the concept of thin burial
The Imperial Mausoleums in the Wei and Jin Dynasties were characterized by no closure, no trees, simplified ground buildings and reduced underground palace scale, which was mainly influenced by the concept of “thin burial” advocated by Cao Cao and Cao Pi.
Cao Cao’s source: Network
Before the battle of Guandu, Chen Lin, under Yuan Shao’s account, wrote an article titled “Yu Zhou writing for yuan Shaoxi”. The article sharply exposed all kinds of scandals that Cao Cao had done. One of them was: “Cao Cao specially set up a commander in the middle of a hill to touch the captain of a gold school. All the mistakes he had made were exposed.” That is to say, Cao Cao specially set up a tomb raiding force to dig around people’s ancestral graves, which is very immoral.
Putting aside moral factors, Cao Cao’s practice reflects the reflection on the phenomenon of heavy burial and serious waste of social resources since the Han Dynasty. For the poor society at the end of the Han Dynasty, excavating tombs by theft was only an expedient measure, and guiding the transformation of the concept of social funeral was the fundamental solution, which was also the original intention of Cao Cao’s concept of “thin funeral”.
Excavation site of Xigao cave tomb source: Sohu @ Qingfeng history
In this case, Cao Cao set a good example with his own tomb. The Xigaoxue tomb (Gaoling of emperor Wei Wu) discovered in 2008 has neither magnificent dormitories, temples nor huge mounds. The structure of the underground tomb is simple: the long slope tomb path, the front and rear four corners of the main rooms with spires, and each main room with two side rooms. There are no luxurious funerary objects in the tomb except those used in his life.
Excavation site of Xigao cave tomb source: Sohu @ Qingfeng history
There are also rumors to be refuted here. From the current findings, Cao Cao did not have the so-called “seventy-two suspicious tombs”, and the absence of signs on the tombs was not for fear of retribution, but to practice the custom of “thin burial” advocated by him. This was a typical political behavior, which was a great good thing for the society at that time.
The two Jin Dynasties continued the Cao Wei burial system, which had a profound impact on the imperial tombs of the northern and Southern Dynasties.
Imperial tombs of the northern and Southern Dynasties: coexistence of fusion and division
As a nomadic people from the north, the royal family of the Northern Dynasty added its own funeral tradition to the imperial mausoleum on the basis of retaining the simple underground palace and cemetery structure, forming a Northern Dynasty imperial mausoleum system characterized by large-area decorative murals, a large number of stone burial utensils and religious elements. This is a new type of thick burial mode under the cloak of thin burial in the Wei and Jin Dynasties.
Part of the painting of saddle horse riding in Lou Rui’s tomb in the Northern Dynasty
At present, the imperial tombs of the Northern Wei Dynasty are concentrated in Beimang, Luoyang. There has always been a folk saying that “born in Suzhou and Hangzhou, buried in Beimang after death”. It can be seen that this is indeed a geomantic treasure land.
At present, there are more than 970 Mangshan mausoleums composed of tombs of kings, princes, generals and prime ministers of various generations, and hundreds of thousands of other ancient tombs.
However, the most famous cemetery in the Northern Wei Dynasty did not belong to Luoyang. Located in Pingcheng (Datong), Empress Dowager Feng YONGGU’s Mausoleum won this position.
In combination with the custom of “ancestral temple other than stone cutting” in Xianbei, she restored the tradition of building a temple in front of the tomb in the Han Dynasty, and built a Buddhist hall in the cemetery. Religious elements entered the imperial and empress cemetery for the first time.
In addition, the structure of the tomb chamber is similar to that of Cao Cao’s Gaoling mausoleum, even more simplified, and the side chambers on both sides of the main chamber are deleted.
Statue of Empress Dowager Feng in Datong, Pingcheng source: Network
In the later construction of the imperial mausoleum of the Northern Wei Dynasty in Beimang mausoleum area, although the regulations changed slightly, it can be said that it inherited the basic regulations of YONGGU mausoleum.
After the division between the East and the West in the Northern Wei Dynasty, regional characteristics began to appear. The number of patios and niches in the imperial tombs from the Western Wei Dynasty to the Northern Zhou Dynasty showed their status; The tombs of the Eastern Wei and Northern Qi dynasties were characterized by murals.
The courtyard can be seen in the mausoleum of Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty
Drawing of Wuning Mausoleum
Murals of Wuning mausoleum in Northern Qi Dynasty source: HowNet
The imperial tombs of the Southern Dynasty were mainly concentrated in Jiankang and Danyang. They were famous for their long Shinto and the numerous sacred animals, stone wengzhong and Huabiao on the Shinto. The underground palace is more simplified than that of the Northern Dynasty. It is mainly a large single room tomb with coupons. The interior of the tomb is decorated with portrait bricks and murals.
The Archaeological Museum of the Northern Dynasty, which opened in September, 2020, intensively displayed the archaeological achievements of dozens of tombs of emperors and imperial families of the Northern Dynasty, including the tomb of Cixian wanzhang and the tomb of Princess RuRu, with a large number of exquisite tomb murals as the biggest highlight.
Figure source: Le Yi Hui Che Ma Zhi
Figure source: self driving tour
Imperial Mausoleum of Tang and Song Dynasties
The changing period of the layout of ancient imperial tombs
There were two important changes in the imperial tombs of the Tang Dynasty.
Source: Xi’an
First, different from the Qin and Han Dynasties, most of the Tang tombs are “made of mountains”, that is, natural mountains are used as the mounds of imperial tombs; Second, instead of using the internal and external layout, the mausoleum was arranged at the highest place at the north end of the cemetery, and the other parts were arranged to the south in turn.
From a macro point of view, this change is related to the concept of city building in the Han and Tang Dynasties. The structure of Tang mausoleum is quite similar to that of Chang’an City in the Tang Dynasty.
Chang’an city of Tang Dynasty
The same regular plan of Qianling Mausoleum
The imperial tombs of the Tang Dynasty were distributed in the north of the Weihe River, centered on Chang’an City and fanned out from east to west, known as the eighteen tombs in Guanzhong. Among them, the Qianling mausoleum where Emperor Gaozong Li Zhi and Empress Wu were buried together is the best preserved and most valuable to visit.
Source: Photographic network
In 1961, the Qianling mausoleum was listed as one of the first cultural protection units in China. On both sides of the Shinto Road, there are stone statues of 61 Binwang kings, Li Zhi’s monument to the sage, and Empress Wu’s wordless monument. The most complete mausoleum system in the Tang mausoleum can be seen in the cemetery.
Source: Photographic network
Like the mausoleums of the Qin and Han Dynasties, most of the underground palaces of the Tang mausoleums have not been excavated. Fortunately, there are two noble tombs in the Tang Dynasty, namely, the tomb of Prince Li chongrun of Yide and the tomb of Princess Li Xianhui of Yongtai, for reference.
The two brothers and sisters were killed by the staff because they criticized their grandmother Wu Zetian and their male pet Zhang Yizhi for having an improper relationship. The Zhongzong restored his reputation and received preferential treatment of “calling the tomb as the mausoleum”.
Palace maid of Princess Yongtai’s tomb
The two tombs are characterized by a large number of patios, niches, stone burial utensils and painted murals, which reflect the integration of the styles of imperial tombs in the Tang Dynasty since the northern and Southern Dynasties.
Stone statues in front of the imperial mausoleum of the Northern Song Dynasty
Distribution map of tombs in the Northern Song Dynasty
On the basis of inheriting the Tang tombs, the imperial tombs of the Song Dynasty developed slightly. The imperial tombs of the Northern Song Dynasty were in Gongyi, Henan Province, and the Southern Song Dynasty were in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province. Both imperial tombs were built with site museums, which were listed as the second and Seventh Batch of national cultural protection units.
Source of the six Mausoleums in the Southern Song Dynasty: records of Kuaiji County, Kangxi
It is worth noting that the immigrants of the Southern Song Dynasty always had the dream of “going back to their hometown”. Just as they called the capital Lin’an, they called the imperial mausoleum “Zan Palace”, that is, the palace for temporary burial.
Unfortunately, this kind of good wish is just a word game of the rulers. Otherwise, Lin Sheng would not sigh that “the warm wind makes tourists drunk and makes Hangzhou a bianzhou”.
The source of imperial tombs in Southern Song Dynasty: Network
Imperial tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
The last glory of Chinese imperial mausoleum
Generally speaking, the Imperial Mausoleums of the Ming and Qing Dynasties come down in one continuous line, and their blueprint is the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum in Nanjing.
Ming Xiao mausoleum in late autumn source: Photo Network
Compared with the previous generation, the Ming mausoleum regulation has changed significantly, mainly including the following aspects.
1. change the square mausoleum into a circular top, and set up a square city tower in front of the top.
2. the dormitories were canceled and the scale of the sacrificial Hall (altar) was expanded.
3. the cemetery was changed from square to rectangular, with three walls.
4. adjust the Shinto stone carvings, and make clear provisions on the theme and form.
Source of the Ming Tombs: Silu travel
The Ming Tombs are located in Changping, Beijing. After the entry of the Manchu and Qing Dynasties, the Ming Tombs were well protected from the repeated excavation of imperial tombs. The Ming Tombs are the first batch of national cultural protection units and also the national 5A tourist attraction.
The underground palace of the Dingling Mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty is the only one that has taken the initiative to excavate the underground palace of the imperial mausoleum at present. A total of 2648 pieces of various funerary objects have been unearthed, including the twelve chapter Dragon Robe and the Luo di saxian Baizi robe. It is the most worth visiting among the Ming Tombs.
Map source of Eastern tombs of the Qing Dynasty: Photo Network
The imperial mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty has two trillion regions in the East and West. The eastern Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty is located in Zunhua, Hebei Province, and the Western Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty is located in Yi County, Hebei Province, both of which are listed as the first batch of national cultural protection units. Compared with the previous dynasties, the ancient buildings, color paintings and carvings in the imperial tombs of the Qing Dynasty are well preserved, which is one of the most important attractions during the visit.
After the revolution of 1911, the monarchy came to an end, and the imperial mausoleum system, which lasted for thousands of years, finally withdrew from the historical stage.
03
Why don’t we excavate the imperial mausoleum?
When announcing the discovery of the PA mausoleum, the archaeologists also made it clear that the excavation was only for the outer storage pit around the PA mausoleum. It is estimated that the PA mausoleum itself will not be excavated in the subsequent excavation.
This is not surprising. Looking back at the history of Chinese archaeology, we have not excavated imperial tombs.
Golden wings, six dragons and three Phoenix crowns, hollowed out golden covers, gold trays and jade bowls unearthed from the Dingling Mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty source: Beijing Cultural Museum
In the 1950s, under the leadership of domestic cultural giants, the state organized the excavation of the Ming Dingling Mausoleum
(it is said that the mausoleum of zhuyijun, Wanli emperor, who did not go to court for 30 years.).
During the excavation, a large number of exquisite funerary objects were unearthed.
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Ming Dingling excavation site source: Network
Ming Dingling underground palace
Limited to the technical conditions at that time, as soon as the underground palace was opened, a large number of fabrics were damaged due to sudden changes in the environment. The jinsinan coffin of Emperor Wanli was discarded as waste. Even in the extraordinary period, the bones of Emperor Wanli and empress Wanli, as representatives of feudal forces, were criticized in the streets and finally frustrated.
As the price of trial and error, the excavation of the Ming Dingling mausoleum formed a trade rule of not actively excavating the imperial mausoleum.
Today, the Dingling Mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty has been built into a museum. Source: Cultural Tourism in Beijing
It is undeniable that both the heated discussion on the Jiangcun tomb and the excavation of the Ming Dingling mausoleum are a microcosm of people’s curiosity and enthusiasm for the imperial mausoleum for thousands of years. From the officials and scholars to the common people, there is no escape from customs in the face of imperial tombs.
However, with the current technical means, once we open the imperial mausoleum, no one can predict the impact.
The funerary objects on the side of the white marble coffin bed at the excavation site of the Ming Dingling mausoleum, the wooden supports have been decayed, and various cultural relics are scattered on the ground. Source: tracing
From an academic point of view, the purpose of archaeology is to restore ancient human social life through the material materials left by ancient humans. The excavation of imperial tombs and underground palaces does not play a decisive role in this subject goal. In other words, it does not conform to the internal logic of archaeology to actively excavate underground palaces out of curiosity and desire for new materials.
Hegel said: the only lesson we learn from history is that we never learn from history.
From this point of view, compared with insipid preaching, the more important mission of historians is to objectively and accurately transmit information, so as to prevent people from mentioning “historical lessons” because they do not understand it. This is exactly the original intention of this article.
reference
General theory of Chinese archaeology, edited by zhangzhiheng, Nanjing University Press, 2009.
Liuqingzhu and liyufang, the 11 mausoleums of the Western Han Dynasty, Shaanxi people’s publishing house, 1987.
Yue Qi, liuweipeng: Several Issues on the imperial tombs of the Western Han Dynasty from the establishment of the Pingling mausoleum, archaeology and cultural relics, 2007, issue 5.
Ran Wanli, research on the imperial mausoleum system of the Sui Dynasty, archaeology and cultural relics, issue 1, 2021.
Shaanxi Provincial Institute of archaeology, brief report on the excavation of the Xiaoling Mausoleum of Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, archaeology and cultural relics, 1997, issue 2.
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