B.C
Trunk and branch
Chronicle of the king of Zhou
Chronology of the vassal states
Lu
Qi
Jin
Qin
Chu
Song Dynasty
Wei
Chen
CAI
Cao
Zheng
Swallow
Wu
Yue
seven hundred and seventy
Xin Wei
Pingwang 1
Xiaogong 27
Zhuang Gong 25
Wen Hou 11
Xianggong 8
Ruao 21
Dai Gong 30
Wu Gong 43
Pinggong 8
Li Hou 40
Huigong 26
Wu Gong 1
Qinghou 21
seven hundred and sixty-eight
Guixi
three
Huigong 1
twenty-seven
thirteen
ten
twenty-three
thirty-two
forty-five
ten
forty-two
twenty-eight
three
twenty-three
seven hundred and sixty-six
Already Hai
five
three
twenty-nine
fifteen
twelve
twenty-five
thirty-four
forty-seven
twelve
forty-four
thirty
five
AI Hou 1
seven hundred and sixty-five
Bing Zi
six
four
thirty
sixteen
Wengong 1
twenty-six
Wu Gong 1
forty-eight
thirteen
forty-five
thirty-one
six
two
seven hundred and sixty-four
Ding Chou
seven
five
thirty-one
seventeen
two
twenty-seven
two
forty-nine
fourteen
forty-six
thirty-two
seven
Zhenghou 1
seven hundred and sixty-three
Wu Yin
eight
six
thirty-two
eighteen
three
Xiao Ao 1
three
fifty
fifteen
forty-seven
thirty-three
eight
two
seven hundred and sixty-one
Geng Chen
ten
eight
thirty-four
twenty
five
three
five
fifty-two
seventeen
Total Hou 1
thirty-five
ten
four
seven hundred and fifty-nine
Ren Wu
twelve
ten
thirty-six
twenty-two
seven
five
seven
fifty-four
nineteen
Dai Hou 1
Mugong 1
twelve
six
seven hundred and fifty-seven
Jia Shen
fourteen
twelve
thirty-eight
twenty-four
nine
Porphyrin 1
nine
Zhuang Gong 1
twenty-one
three
three
fourteen
eight
seven hundred and fifty-six
Yi You
fifteen
thirteen
thirty-nine
twenty-five
ten
two
ten
two
twenty-two
four
Duke Huan 1
fifteen
nine
seven hundred and fifty-four
Ding Hai
seventeen
fifteen
forty-one
twenty-seven
twelve
four
twelve
four
Wengong 1
six
three
seventeen
eleven
seven hundred and forty-nine
Ren Chen
twenty-two
twenty
forty-six
thirty-two
seventeen
nine
seventeen
nine
six
Xuanhou 1
eight
twenty-two
sixteen
seven hundred and forty-seven
Jia Wu
twenty-four
twenty-two
forty-eight
thirty-four
nineteen
eleven
Xuangong 1
eleven
eight
three
ten
twenty-four
eighteen
seven hundred and forty-five
Bing Shen
twenty-six
twenty-four
fifty
Zhaohou 1
twenty-one
thirteen
three
thirteen
ten
five
twelve
twenty-six
twenty
seven hundred and forty-four
Ding You
twenty-seven
twenty-five
fifty-one
two
twenty-two
fourteen
four
fourteen
Duke Huan 1
six
thirteen
twenty-seven
twenty-one
seven hundred and forty-three
Wu Xu
twenty-eight
twenty-six
fifty-two
three
twenty-three
fifteen
five
fifteen
two
seven
fourteen
Zhuang Gong 1
twenty-two
seven hundred and forty
Xin Chou
thirty-one
twenty-nine
fifty-five
six
twenty-six
Wu Wang 1
eight
eighteen
five
ten
seventeen
four
twenty-five
seven hundred and thirty-nine
Ren Yin
thirty-two
thirty
fifty-six
Xiaohou 1
twenty-seven
two
nine
nineteen
six
eleven
eighteen
five
twenty-six
seven hundred and thirty-four
Ding Wei
thirty-seven
thirty-five
sixty-one
six
thirty-two
seven
fourteen
Duke Huan 1
eleven
sixteen
twenty-three
ten
thirty-one
seven hundred and thirty
Xin Hai
forty-one
thirty-nine
Li Gong 1
ten
thirty-six
eleven
eighteen
five
fifteen
twenty
twenty-seven
fourteen
thirty-five
seven hundred and twenty-eight
Gui Chou
forty-three
forty-one
three
twelve
thirty-eight
thirteen
Mugong 1
seven
seventeen
twenty-two
twenty-nine
sixteen
Muhou 1
seven hundred and twenty-three
Wu Wu
forty-eight
forty-six
eight
Ehou 1
forty-three
eighteen
six
twelve
twenty-two
twenty-seven
thirty-four
twenty-one
six
seven hundred and twenty-two
Ji Wei
forty-nine
Yingong 1
nine
two
forty-four
nineteen
seven
thirteen
twenty-three
twenty-eight
thirty-five
twenty-two
seven
seven hundred and nineteen
Ren Xu
Huanwang 1
four
twelve
five
forty-seven
twenty-two
Shanggong 1
sixteen
twenty-six
thirty-one
thirty-eight
twenty-five
ten
seven hundred and eighteen
Gui Hai
Huanwang 2
Yingong 5
Li Gong 13
Ehou 6
Wengong 48
Wu Wang 23
Shanggong 2
Xuangong 1
Duke Huan 27
Xuanhou 32
Duke Huan 39
Zhuang Gong 26
Muhou 11
seven hundred and seventeen
Jia Zi
three
six
fourteen
AI Hou 1
forty-nine
twenty-four
three
two
twenty-eight
thirty-three
forty
twenty-seven
twelve
seven hundred and fifteen
Bing Yin
five
eight
sixteen
three
Ninggong 1
twenty-six
five
four
thirty
thirty-five
forty-two
twenty-nine
fourteen
seven hundred and fourteen
Ding Mao
six
nine
seventeen
four
two
twenty-seven
six
five
thirty-one
Huanhou 1
forty-three
thirty
fifteen
seven hundred and eleven
Xin Wei
nine
Duke Huan 1
twenty
seven
five
thirty
nine
eight
thirty-four
four
forty-six
thirty-three
eighteen
seven hundred and ten
Geng Wu
ten
two
twenty-one
eight
six
thirty-one
Feng 1
nine
thirty-five
five
forty-seven
thirty-four
Xuanhou 1
seven hundred and nine
Ren Shen
eleven
three
twenty-two
Kid 1
seven
thirty-two
two
ten
thirty-six
six
forty-eight
thirty-five
two
seven hundred and six
Yi Hai
fourteen
six
twenty-five
Min 1
ten
thirty-five
five
thirteen
Li Gong 1
nine
fifty-one
thirty-eight
five
seven hundred and three
Wu Yin
seventeen
nine
twenty-eight
four
Outgoing 1
thirty-eight
eight
sixteen
four
twelve
fifty-four
forty-one
eight
seven hundred and one
Geng Chen
nineteen
eleven
thirty
six
three
forty
ten
eighteen
six
fourteen
Zhuang Gong 1
forty-three
ten
seven hundred
Xin Si
twenty
twelve
thirty-one
seven
four
forty-one
eleven
nineteen
seven
fifteen
two
Li Gong 1
eleven
six hundred and ninety-nine
Ren Wu
twenty-one
thirteen
thirty-two
eight
five
forty-two
twelve
Huigong 1
Zhuang Gong 1
sixteen
three
two
twelve
six hundred and ninety-seven
Jia Shen
twenty-three
fifteen
Xianggong 1
ten
Wu Gong 1
forty-four
fourteen
three
three
eighteen
five
four
Duke Huan 1
six hundred and ninety-six
Hydantoin
Zhuang Gong 1
sixteen
two
eleven
two
forty-five
fifteen
Qianmou 1
four
nineteen
six
Zhaogong 1
two
six hundred and ninety-four
Ding Hai
three
eighteen
four
thirteen
four
forty-seven
seventeen
three
six
AI Hou 1
eight
Child stuffy 1
four
six hundred and ninety-three
Wu Zi
four
Zhuang Gong 1
five
fourteen
five
forty-eight
eighteen
four
seven
two
nine
Child 1
five
six hundred and ninety-two
Ji Chou
five
two
six
fifteen
six
forty-nine
nineteen
five
Xuangong 1
three
ten
two
six
six hundred and ninety-one
Geng Chen
six
three
seven
sixteen
seven
fifty
Min Gong 1
six
two
four
eleven
three
seven
six hundred and ninety
Xin Mao
seven
four
eight
seventeen
eight
fifty-one
two
seven
three
five
twelve
four
Zhuang Gong 1
six hundred and eighty-nine
Ren Chen
eight
five
nine
eighteen
nine
Wenwang 1
three
eight
four
six
thirteen
five
two
six hundred and eighty-six
Yi Wei
eleven
eight
twelve
twenty-one
twelve
four
six
Huigong 14
seven
nine
sixteen
eight
five
six hundred and eighty-five
Bing Shen
twelve
nine
Duke Huan 1
twenty-two
thirteen
five
seven
fifteen
eight
ten
seventeen
nine
six
six hundred and eighty-one
Geng Chen
Li Wang 1
thirteen
five
twenty-six
seventeen
nine
Duke Huan 1
nineteen
twelve
fourteen
twenty-one
thirteen
ten
six hundred and seventy-nine
Ren Yin
three
fifteen
seven
twenty-eight
nineteen
eleven
three
twenty-one
fourteen
sixteen
twenty-three
Li Gong 1
twelve
six hundred and seventy-eight
Gui Mao
four
sixteen
eight
Wu Gong 38
twenty
twelve
four
twenty-two
fifteen
seventeen
twenty-four
two
thirteen
six hundred and seventy-seven
Jia Chen
Li Wang 5
Zhuang Gong 17
Duke Huan 9
Wu Gong 39
Degong 1
King Wen 13
Duke Huan 5
Huigong 23
Xuangong 16
AI Hou 18
Zhuang Gong 25
Li Gong 3
Zhuang Gong 14
six hundred and seventy-six
Yi Si
Huiwang 1
eighteen
ten
Xian Gong 1
two
Du Ao Xi1
six
twenty-four
seventeen
nineteen
twenty-six
four
fifteen
six hundred and seventy-five
Bing Wu
two
nineteen
eleven
two
Xuangong 1
two
seven
twenty-five
eighteen
twenty
twenty-seven
five
sixteen
six hundred and seventy-four
Ding Wei
three
twenty
twelve
three
two
three
eight
twenty-six
nineteen
Muhou 1
twenty-eight
six
seventeen
six hundred and seventy-two
Oneself
five
twenty-two
fourteen
five
four
five
ten
twenty-eight
twenty-one
three
thirty
Wengong 1
nineteen
six hundred and seventy-one
Geng Chen
six
twenty-three
fifteen
six
five
Chengwang 1
eleven
twenty-nine
twenty-two
four
thirty-one
two
twenty
six hundred and seventy
Xin Hai
seven
twenty-four
sixteen
seven
six
two
twelve
thirty
twenty-three
five
Li Gong 1
three
twenty-one
six hundred and sixty-eight
Gui Chou
nine
twenty-six
eighteen
nine
eight
four
fourteen
Yigong 1
twenty-five
seven
three
five
twenty-three
six hundred and sixty-three
Wu Wu
fourteen
thirty-one
twenty-three
fourteen
Chenggong 1
nine
nineteen
six
thirty
twelve
eight
ten
twenty-eight
six hundred and sixty-one
Geng Shen
sixteen
Xigong 1
twenty-five
sixteen
three
eleven
twenty-one
eight
thirty-two
fourteen
Zhaogong 1
twelve
thirty
six hundred and sixty
Xin You
seventeen
two
twenty-six
seventeen
four
twelve
twenty-two
Dai gong1
thirty-three
fifteen
two
thirteen
thirty-one
six hundred and fifty-nine
Ren Xu
eighteen
Li gong1
twenty-seven
eighteen
Mugong 1
thirteen
twenty-three
Wengong 1
thirty-four
sixteen
three
fourteen
thirty-two
six hundred and fifty-seven
Jia Zi
twenty
three
twenty-nine
twenty
three
fifteen
twenty-five
three
thirty-six
eighteen
five
sixteen
Xianggong 1
six hundred and fifty-two
Ji Si
twenty-five
eight
thirty-four
twenty-five
eight
twenty
thirty
eight
forty-one
twenty-three
Common 1
twenty-one
six
six hundred and fifty-one
Geng Wu
Xiangwang 1
nine
thirty-five
twenty-six
nine
twenty-one
thirty-one
nine
forty-two
twenty-four
two
twenty-two
seven
six hundred and fifty
Xin Wei
two
ten
thirty-six
Huigong 1
ten
twenty-two
Xianggong 1
ten
forty-three
twenty-five
three
twenty-three
eight
six hundred and forty-seven
Jia Xu
five
thirteen
thirty-nine
four
thirteen
twenty-five
four
thirteen
Mugong 1
twenty-eight
six
twenty-six
eleven
six hundred and forty-five
Bing Zi
seven
fifteen
forty-one
six
fifteen
twenty-seven
six
fifteen
three
Zhuang Hou 1
eight
twenty-eight
thirteen
six hundred and forty-two
Ji Mao
ten
eighteen
Xiaogong 1
nine
eighteen
thirty
nine
eighteen
six
four
eleven
thirty-one
sixteen
six hundred and thirty-six
Yi You
sixteen
twenty-four
seven
Wengong 1
twenty-four
thirty-six
Chenggong 1
twenty-four
twelve
ten
seventeen
thirty-seven
twenty-two
six hundred and thirty-four
Ding Hai
eighteen
twenty-six
nine
three
twenty-six
thirty-eight
three
Chenggong 1
fourteen
twelve
nineteen
thirty-nine
twenty-four
six hundred and thirty-two
Ji Chou
twenty
twenty-eight
Zhaogong 1
five
twenty-eight
forty
five
three
sixteen
fourteen
twenty-one
forty-one
twenty-six
six hundred and thirty-one
Geng Chen
twenty-one
twenty-nine
two
six
twenty-nine
forty-one
six
four
Common 1
fifteen
twenty-two
forty-two
twenty-seven
six hundred and twenty-seven
Jia Wu
Xiangwang 25
Zhuang Gong 33
Zhaogong 6
Xianggong 1
Mugong 33
Cheng Wang 45
Chenggong 10
Chenggong 8
Total 5
Zhuang Hou 19
Total 26
Mugong 1
Xianggong 31
six hundred and twenty-six
Yi Wei
twenty-six
Wengong 1
seven
two
thirty-four
forty-six
eleven
nine
six
twenty
twenty-seven
two
thirty-two
six hundred and twenty-five
Bing Shen
twenty-seven
two
eight
three
thirty-five
Muwang 1
twelve
ten
seven
twenty-one
twenty-eight
three
thirty-three
six hundred and twenty
Xin Chou
thirty-two
seven
thirteen
Linggong 1
Kanggong 1
six
seventeen
fifteen
twelve
twenty-six
thirty-three
eight
thirty-eight
six hundred and nineteen
Ren Yin
thirty-three
eight
fourteen
two
two
seven
Zhaogong 1
sixteen
thirteen
twenty-seven
thirty-four
nine
thirty-nine
six hundred and eighteen
Gui Mao
QingWang 1
nine
fifteen
three
three
eight
two
seventeen
fourteen
twenty-eight
thirty-five
ten
forty
six hundred and seventeen
Jia Chen
two
ten
sixteen
four
four
nine
three
eighteen
fifteen
twenty-nine
Wengong 1
eleven
Duke Huan 1
six hundred and thirteen
Wu Shen
six
fourteen
twenty
eight
eight
Zhuang Wang 1
seven
twenty-two
Linggong 1
thirty-three
five
fifteen
five
six hundred and twelve
Ji You
Kuang Wang 1
fifteen
Yigong 1
nine
nine
two
eight
twenty-three
two
thirty-four
six
sixteen
six
six hundred and eleven
Geng Chen
two
sixteen
two
ten
ten
three
nine
twenty-four
three
Wenhou 1
seven
seventeen
seven
six hundred and ten
Xin Hai
three
seventeen
three
eleven
eleven
four
Wengong 1
twenty-five
four
two
eight
eighteen
eight
six hundred and eight
Gui Chou
five
Xuangong 1
Huigong 1
thirteen
Common 1
six
three
twenty-seven
six
four
ten
twenty
ten
six hundred and six
Yi Mao
Dingwang 1
three
three
Chenggong 1
three
eight
five
twenty-nine
eight
six
twelve
twenty-two
twelve
six hundred and five
Bing Chen
two
four
four
two
four
nine
six
thirty
nine
seven
thirteen
Linggong 1
thirteen
six hundred and four
Ding Si
three
five
five
three
five
ten
seven
thirty-one
ten
eight
fourteen
Xianggong 1
fourteen
six hundred and three
Wu Wu
four
six
six
four
Duke Huan 1
eleven
eight
thirty-two
eleven
nine
fifteen
two
fifteen
six hundred and one
Geng Shen
six
eight
eight
six
three
thirteen
ten
thirty-four
thirteen
eleven
seventeen
four
Xuangong 1
five hundred and ninety-nine
Ren Xu
eight
ten
ten
Jinggong 1
five
fifteen
twelve
Mugong 1
fifteen
thirteen
nineteen
six
three
five hundred and ninety-eight
Gui Hai
nine
eleven
Qinggong 1
two
six
sixteen
thirteen
two
Chenggong 1
fourteen
twenty
seven
four
five hundred and ninety-four
Ding Mao
thirteen
fifteen
five
six
ten
twenty
seventeen
six
five
eighteen
Xuangong 1
eleven
eight
five hundred and ninety-one
Geng Wu
sixteen
eighteen
eight
nine
thirteen
twenty-three
twenty
nine
eight
Jinghou 1
four
fourteen
eleven
five hundred and ninety
Xin Wei
seventeen
Chenggong 1
nine
ten
fourteen
Total King 1
twenty-one
ten
nine
two
five
fifteen
twelve
five hundred and eighty-eight
Gui You
nineteen
three
eleven
twelve
sixteen
three
Common 1
Dinggong 1
eleven
four
seven
seventeen
fourteen
five hundred and eighty-six
Yi Hai
twenty-one
five
thirteen
fourteen
eighteen
five
three
three
thirteen
six
nine
Mourn the public 1
Zhaogong 1
five hundred and eighty-five
Bing Zi
Jian Wang 1
Chenggong 6
Qinggong 14
Jinggong 15
Duke Huan 19
Total King 6
Total 4
Dinggong 4
Chenggong 14
Jinghou 7
Xuangong 10
Mourning the public 2
Zhaogong 2
Shoumeng 1
five hundred and eighty-four
Ding Chou
two
seven
fifteen
sixteen
twenty
seven
five
five
fifteen
eight
eleven
Chenggong 1
three
two
five hundred and eighty-one
Geng Chen
five
ten
Linggong 1
nineteen
twenty-three
ten
eight
eight
eighteen
eleven
fourteen
four
six
five
five hundred and eighty
Xin Si
six
eleven
two
Li Gong 1
twenty-four
eleven
nine
nine
nineteen
twelve
fifteen
five
seven
six
five hundred and seventy-seven
Jia Shen
nine
fourteen
five
four
twenty-seven
fourteen
twelve
twelve
twenty-two
fifteen
Chenggong 1
eight
ten
nine
five hundred and seventy-six
Yi You
ten
fifteen
six
five
Jinggong 1
fifteen
thirteen
Xian Gong 1
twenty-three
sixteen
two
nine
eleven
ten
five hundred and seventy-five
Bing Xu
eleven
sixteen
seven
six
two
sixteen
Pinggong 1
two
twenty-four
seventeen
three
ten
twelve
eleven
five hundred and seventy-three
Wu Zi
thirteen
eighteen
nine
eight
four
eighteen
three
four
twenty-six
nineteen
five
twelve
Wu Gong 1
thirteen
five hundred and seventy-two
Already ugly
fourteen
Xianggong 1
ten
Mourn the public 1
five
nineteen
four
five
twenty-seven
twenty
six
thirteen
two
fourteen
five hundred and seventy-one
Geng Chen
Spirit king 1
two
eleven
two
six
twenty
five
six
twenty-eight
twenty-one
seven
fourteen
three
fifteen
five hundred and seventy
Xin Mao
two
three
twelve
three
seven
twenty-one
six
seven
twenty-nine
twenty-two
eight
Li gong1
four
sixteen
five hundred and sixty-eight
Gui Si
four
five
fourteen
five
nine
twenty-three
eight
nine
AI Gong 1
twenty-four
ten
three
six
eighteen
five hundred and sixty-five
Bing Shen
seven
eight
seventeen
eight
twelve
twenty-six
eleven
twelve
four
twenty-seven
thirteen
Jian Gong 1
nine
twenty-one
five hundred and sixty
Xin Chou
twelve
thirteen
twenty-two
thirteen
seventeen
thirty-one
sixteen
seventeen
nine
thirty-two
eighteen
six
fourteen
Zhufan 1
five hundred and fifty-nine
Ren Yin
thirteen
fourteen
twenty-three
fourteen
eighteen
Kangwang 1
seventeen
eighteen
ten
thirty-three
nineteen
seven
fifteen
two
five hundred and fifty-eight
Gui Mao
fourteen
fifteen
twenty-four
fifteen
nineteen
two
eighteen
Shanggong 1
eleven
thirty-four
twenty
eight
sixteen
three
five hundred and fifty-seven
Jia Chen
fifteen
sixteen
twenty-five
Pinggong 1
twenty
three
nineteen
two
twelve
thirty-five
twenty-one
nine
seventeen
four
five hundred and fifty-four
Ding Wei
eighteen
nineteen
twenty-eight
four
twenty-three
six
twenty-two
five
fifteen
thirty-eight
Wu Gong 1
twelve
Wengong 1
seven
five hundred and fifty-three
Wu Shen
nineteen
twenty
Zhuang Gong 1
five
twenty-four
seven
twenty-three
six
sixteen
thirty-nine
two
thirteen
two
eight
five hundred and forty-eight
Gui Chou
twenty-four
twenty-five
six
ten
twenty-nine
twelve
twenty-eight
eleven
twenty-one
forty-four
seven
eighteen
Yigong 1
thirteen
five hundred and forty-seven
Jia Yin
twenty-five
twenty-six
Jinggong 1
eleven
thirty
thirteen
twenty-nine
twelve
twenty-two
forty-five
eight
nineteen
two
Remaining sacrifice 1
five hundred and forty-six
Yi Mao
twenty-six
twenty-seven
two
twelve
thirty-one
fourteen
thirty
Xian Gong 1
twenty-three
forty-six
nine
twenty
three
two
five hundred and forty-four
Ding Si
King 1
Xianggong 29
Jinggong 4
Pinggong 14
Jinggong 33
Ying Ao 1
Pinggong 32
Xian Gong 3
AI Gong 25
Jinghou 48
Wu Gong 11
Jian Gong 22
Huigong 1
Remaining offerings 4
five hundred and forty-three
Wu Wu
two
thirty
five
fifteen
thirty-four
two
thirty-three
Xianggong 1
twenty-six
forty-nine
twelve
twenty-three
two
five
five hundred and forty-two
Has not been
three
thirty-one
six
sixteen
thirty-five
three
thirty-four
two
twenty-seven
Linghou 1
thirteen
twenty-four
three
six
five hundred and forty-one
Geng Shen
four
Zhaogong 1
seven
seventeen
thirty-six
four
thirty-five
three
twenty-eight
two
fourteen
twenty-five
four
seven
five hundred and forty
Xin You
five
two
eight
eighteen
thirty-seven
Spirit king 1
thirty-six
four
twenty-nine
three
fifteen
twenty-six
five
eight
five hundred and thirty-six
Yi Chou
nine
six
twelve
twenty-two
AI Gong 1
five
forty
eight
thirty-three
seven
nineteen
thirty
nine
twelve
five hundred and thirty-five
Bing Yin
ten
seven
thirteen
twenty-three
two
six
forty-one
nine
thirty-four
eight
twenty
thirty-one
Mourn the public 1
thirteen
five hundred and thirty-four
Ding Mao
eleven
eight
fourteen
twenty-four
three
seven
forty-two
Linggong 1
thirty-five
nine
twenty-one
thirty-two
two
fourteen
five hundred and thirty-three
Wu Chen
twelve
nine
fifteen
twenty-five
four
eight
forty-three
two
Huigong 1
ten
twenty-two
thirty-two
three
fifteen
five hundred and thirty-one
Geng Wu
fourteen
eleven
seventeen
Zhaogong 1
six
ten
Yuangong 1
four
three
twelve
twenty-four
thirty-five
five
seventeen
five hundred and thirty
Xin Wei
fifteen
twelve
eighteen
two
seven
eleven
two
five
four
Pinghou 1
twenty-five
thirty-six
six
Remaining ignorance 1
five hundred and twenty-nine
Ren Shen
sixteen
thirteen
nineteen
three
eight
twelve
three
six
five
two
twenty-six
Dinggong 1
seven
two
five hundred and twenty-eight
Gui You
seventeen
fourteen
twenty
four
nine
Pingwang 1
four
seven
six
three
twenty-seven
two
Common 1
three
five hundred and twenty-seven
Jia Xu
eighteen
fifteen
twenty-one
five
ten
two
five
eight
seven
four
Pinggong 1
three
two
four
five hundred and twenty-six
Yi Hai
nineteen
sixteen
twenty-two
six
eleven
three
six
nine
eight
five
two
four
three
Liao 1
five hundred and twenty-five
Bing Zi
twenty
seventeen
twenty-three
Qinggong 1
twelve
four
seven
ten
nine
six
three
five
four
two
five hundred and twenty-three
Wu Yin
twenty-two
nineteen
twenty-five
three
fourteen
six
nine
twelve
eleven
eight
Mourn the public 1
seven
Pinggong 1
four
five hundred and twenty-one
Geng Chen
twenty-four
twenty-one
twenty-seven
five
sixteen
eight
eleven
fourteen
thirteen
Mourning Marquis 1
three
nine
three
six
five hundred and nineteen
Ren Wu
King 1
twenty-three
twenty-nine
seven
eighteen
ten
thirteen
sixteen
fifteen
three
five
eleven
five
eight
five hundred and eighteen
Gui Wei
two
twenty-four
thirty
eight
nineteen
eleven
fourteen
seventeen
sixteen
Zhaohou 1
six
twelve
six
nine
five hundred and sixteen
Yi You
four
twenty-six
thirty-two
ten
twenty-one
thirteen
Jinggong 1
nineteen
eighteen
three
eight
fourteen
eight
eleven
five hundred and fifteen
Bing Xu
five
twenty-seven
thirty-three
eleven
twenty-two
Zhaowang 1
two
twenty
nineteen
four
nine
fifteen
nine
twelve
five hundred and fourteen
Ding Hai
King 6
Zhaogong 28
Jinggong 34
Qinggong 12
AI Gong 23
Zhaowang 2
Jinggong 3
Linggong 21
Huigong 20
Zhaohou 5
Xianggong 1
Dinggong 16
Pinggong 10
Helu 1
five hundred and thirteen
Wu Zi
seven
twenty-nine
thirty-five
thirteen
twenty-four
three
four
twenty-two
twenty-one
six
two
Xian Gong 1
eleven
two
five hundred and eleven
Geng Chen
nine
thirty-one
thirty-seven
Dinggong 1
twenty-six
five
six
twenty-four
twenty-three
eight
four
three
thirteen
four
five hundred and ten
Xin Mao
ten
thirty-two
thirty-eight
two
twenty-seven
six
seven
twenty-five
twenty-four
nine
five
four
fourteen
five
Permissive 1
five hundred and nine
Ren Chen
eleven
Dinggong 1
thirty-nine
three
twenty-eight
seven
eight
twenty-six
twenty-five
ten
Yingong 1
five
fifteen
six
two
five hundred and five
Bing Shen
fifteen
five
forty-three
seven
thirty-two
eleven
twelve
thirty
Huaigong 1
fourteen
Jinggong 1
nine
nineteen
ten
six
five hundred and four
Ding You
sixteen
six
forty-four
eight
thirty-three
twelve
thirteen
thirty-one
two
fifteen
two
ten
Jian Gong 1
eleven
seven
five hundred and one
Geng Chen
nineteen
nine
forty-seven
eleven
thirty-six
fifteen
sixteen
thirty-four
Min Gong 1
eighteen
Boyang 1
thirteen
four
fourteen
ten
five hundred
Xin Chou
twenty
ten
forty-eight
twelve
Huigong 1
sixteen
seventeen
thirty-five
two
nineteen
two
Shenggong 1
five
fifteen
eleven
four hundred and ninety-six
Yi Si
twenty-four
fourteen
fifty-two
sixteen
five
twenty
twenty-one
thirty-nine
six
twenty-three
six
five
nine
nineteen
Gou Jian 1
four hundred and ninety-five
Bing Wu
twenty-five
fifteen
fifty-three
seventeen
six
twenty-one
twenty-two
forty
seven
twenty-four
seven
six
ten
Fuchai 1
two
four hundred and ninety-four
Ding Wei
twenty-six
AI Gong 1
fifty-four
eighteen
seven
twenty-one
twenty-three
forty-one
eight
twenty-five
eight
seven
eleven
two
three
four hundred and ninety-two
Already unitary
twenty-eight
three
fifty-six
twenty
nine
twenty-four
twenty-five
Outgoing 1
ten
twenty-seven
ten
nine
Xian Gong 1
four
five
four hundred and ninety
Xin Hai
thirty
five
fifty-eight
twenty-two
Mourn the public 1
twenty-six
twenty-seven
three
twelve
Chenghou 1
twelve
eleven
three
six
seven
four hundred and eighty-nine
Ren Zi
thirty-one
six
Yanruzi 1
twenty-three
two
twenty-seven
twenty-eight
four
thirteen
two
thirteen
twelve
four
seven
eight
four hundred and eighty-eight
Gui Chou
thirty-two
seven
Mourn the public 1
twenty-four
three
Huiwang 1
twenty-nine
five
fourteen
three
fourteen
thirteen
five
eight
nine
four hundred and eighty-seven
Jia Yin
thirty-three
eight
two
twenty-five
four
two
thirty
six
fifteen
four
(Cao Wei) 15
fourteen
six
nine
ten
four hundred and eighty-four
Ding Si
thirty-six
eleven
Jian Gong 1
twenty-eight
seven
five
thirty-three
nine
eighteen
seven
seventeen
nine
twelve
thirteen
four hundred and eighty
Xin You
forty
fifteen
Pinggong 1
thirty-two
eleven
nine
thirty-seven
Zhuang Gong 1
twenty-two
eleven
twenty-one
thirteen
sixteen
seventeen
four hundred and seventy-nine
Ren Xu
forty-one
sixteen
two
thirty-three
twelve
ten
thirty-eight
two
(Chen Yu) 23
twelve
twenty-two
fourteen
seventeen
eighteen
four hundred and seventy-seven
Jia Zi
forty-three
eighteen
four
thirty-five
fourteen
twelve
forty
From 1
fourteen
twenty-four
sixteen
nineteen
twenty
four hundred and seventy-six
Yi Chou
forty-four
nineteen
five
thirty-six
Li Gonggong 1
thirteen
forty-one
RMB 1 after going public
fifteen
twenty-five
seventeen
twenty
twenty-one
B.C
Trunk and branch
Chronicle of the king of Zhou
Lu
Qi
Jin
Qin
Chu
Song Dynasty
Wei
Chen
CAI
Cao
Zheng
Swallow
Wu
Yue
Chronology of the vassal states
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
Confucius, the founder of Chinese Confucian culture, once compiled a historical book called the spring and Autumn period, which recorded the history of the state of Lu at that time. The time span recorded in this historical book was roughly the same as that of the spring and Autumn period, which constituted a historical stage. Therefore, later generations called this historical stage the spring and Autumn period, referring to the period from 770 BC to 476 BC, which was basically the first half of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.
At the beginning of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the Zhou Dynasty went downhill, the royal family declined, power fell, and the vassal states fought against each other, and wars continued frequently. Small vassal states were annexed one after another, and powerful vassal states were unified in some areas. The most powerful vassal states can dominate. There have been five overlords successively, namely Duke Huan of Qi, Duke Wen of Jin, King Zhuang of Chu, King Helu of Wu, and King Gou Jian of Yue. They are known as the “five hegemons of the spring and Autumn Period” in history. However, in the middle of the spring and Autumn period, there was a relatively peaceful period. The reason was that all countries were very tired by the war and needed to rest. Therefore, an agreement was reached through the second “meeting to eliminate troops” attended by 14 countries in 546 BC, and the war was temporarily calmed down. However, during this period, in the Yangtze River Basin, there were many hegemonic disputes among Wu, Chu and Yue. In the middle and late spring and Autumn period, with the popularization of cattle farming and the application of iron farm tools, the economy developed rapidly, and there were profound social changes such as the development of private fields and the collapse of the well field system. In some vassal states, the aristocracy became stronger and began to compete for power from the monarch. In 453 BC, there were three big families in Jin, namely Han, Zhao and Wei. They divided Jin and established their own countries, which is the famous “three families dividing Jin”. Therefore, the era of seven heroes standing side by side and competing for hegemony gradually came, and the spring and Autumn Period moved towards the Warring States period.
The spring and Autumn period, referred to as the spring and Autumn period for short, was a period of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty from 770 B.C. to 476 B.C. (on the other hand, 770 B.C. to 403 B.C.). In the spring and Autumn period, the power of the king of Zhou was weakened, the princes were in dispute, and Duke Huan of Qi, Duke Wen of Jin, Duke Xiang of song, Duke mu of Qin, and King Zhuang of Chu successively dominated, known as the “five hegemons of the spring and Autumn Period” in history. (first, Duke Huan of Qi, Duke Wen of Jin, King Zhuang of Chu, King Helu of Wu, and King Gou Jian of Yue). The spring and Autumn period was followed by the Warring States period.
The spring and Autumn period was named after Confucius’ revision of the spring and Autumn Annals. This book records the history from Lu Yin (722 BC) to Lu AI Gong (481 BC). For convenience, modern scholars generally call it the “spring and Autumn Period” from the founding of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in the first year of King Ping of Zhou (770 BC) to the 43rd year of King Jing of Zhou (477 BC).
[historical events]
??
King Ping of Zhou moved the capital:
In 770 BC, King Ping of Zhou was forced to move the capital of the state from Haojing to Luoyi because of civil strife and the invasion of the army of dogs. Since Luoyi was located in the east of Haojing, the history of the Zhou Dynasty thereafter was called the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770 BC ~ 221 BC).
??
Pericentricular decay:
After the king of Ping moved eastward, the Zhou Dynasty gradually declined. First, Duke Shen, the grandfather of the king of Ping, led a dog army to invade the capital, killing the Youwang. Duke Shen supported the king of Ping, which made the king of Ping suspect of killing his father. As a result, the prestige of the son of Zhou declined among the princes. Secondly, the kingdoms of the princes gradually became stronger and attacked each other. Finally, the king of Ping moved eastward, leaving only a small area in the Zhou Dynasty, and the Zhou Dynasty declined. In the 12th year of King Huan of Zhou (708 BC), As a result of the border dispute with the state of Zheng, King Huan of Zhou led his army to attack the state of Zheng. Duke Zhuang of Zheng not only dared to lead the troops to resist, but also defeated Wang Shi and shot the king of Zhou on the shoulder. It shows that the status of the king of Zhou has seriously declined, but he still retains the name of the world’s Communist.
??
Duke Huan of Qi dominates:
In 685 BC, Duke Huan of Qi succeeded to the throne, took Guan Zhong as the prime minister, reorganized the State Administration, abolished the minefield system, determined taxes according to the fertility of the land, set up salt and iron officials and cast money, increased financial revenue, integrated grass-roots administrative organizations and military organizations, increased the source of troops and combat capability, and quickly became the richest and strongest country in China. Then he raised the slogan of “respecting the king and fighting against the barbarians”. He held many meetings with princes to help or interfere with other countries and fight against barbarians. Finally, he became the overlord in the third year of King Xi of Zhou (679 BC). In the twenty-first year of King Hui of Zhou (656 BC), Duke Huan of Qi led a coalition of eight feudal states to force the state of Chu to obey him with superior forces, and entered into an alliance of Zhaoling, which became the head of the five hegemons in the spring and Autumn period. Since then, Duke Huan of Qi established the system of guild hegemony.
??
Song Chu dispute:
After the death of Duke Huan of Qi, the five princes seized the throne, and civil strife continued in the state of Qi. It is said that the five sons of Duke Huan of Qi fought with each other, and the arrows were shot on the body of Duke Huan of Qi. No one cared. The Chu state in the South rose and targeted the Central Plains after destroying several small states in the north. In the name of resisting the attack of the state of Chu, Duke Xiang of song tried to rally the princes again to become the overlord, but the state of song lacked strength and prestige. In the 15th year of song Xianggong (638 BC), the two armies of song and Chu fought at Hongshui. When the Chu army crossed the river, song Da Si maziyu suggested that song Xianggong “attack half the way”. Song Xiang said that it was unkind and unjust to attack while the enemy crossed the river; After the Chu army crossed the river, Ziyu suggested to attack while the Chu army was in chaos. Songxianggong again refused on the grounds of injustice. The Chu army launched an attack after the formation. The song army was defeated. Duke Xiang of song was shot in the thigh and died of serious injury the following year. When the state of Chu reigned, King Zhuang of Chu became the second overlord in the spring and Autumn period.
??
Jin’s prosperity:
In the northern state of Jin, he was of the same clan as Zhou Shi. Duke Xian of Jin favored and trusted his wife, which caused great chaos in the country’s politics. In 636 BC, Prince Chong’er, the son of Jin Xian, succeeded to the throne of Jin under the escort of the army sent by Duke mu of Qin. He was Duke Wen of Jin. He reformed politics, developed the economy, consolidated the military, won the trust of the people, stabilized the royal family, and friendly the state of Qin. He had a high prestige among the princes. In the 20th year of King Xiang of Zhou (633 BC), the Chu army surrounded Shangqiu, the capital of the state of song. At the beginning of the next year, Duke Wen of Jin led his troops to save Song Dynasty. He defeated Chu army in the battle of Chengpu and became the overlord.
??
Duke mu of Qin dominates Xirong:
After the death of Duke Wen of Jin, Duke mu of Qin sought to develop in the East, but was blocked by Jin. In the first World War, the whole Qin army was covered and turned to the west, annexing some Rongdi tribes and dominating Xirong.
??
Chu asked the Central Plains:
After the war of Chengpu, the state of Chu developed eastward and destroyed many small countries, reaching Yunnan in the South and the Yellow River in the north. King Zhuang of Chu reformed his internal affairs, quelled the riots, built water conservancy, and became more powerful. He even asked the envoy of King Ding of Zhou about the size and weight of the tripod to sacrifice heaven and earth, with the intention of destroying Zhou’s self-reliance. This is the origin of the word “Ding Ding”. In the 10th year of King Ding of Zhou Dynasty (597 BC), Chu and Jin fought in Ying (now the southeast of Wuzhi, Henan Province) and won a great victory. Soon after, they entered the army to encircle the Song Dynasty, and the Jin people did not dare to save it, so all the small countries in the Central Plains returned to Chu, and the Chu people dominated the Central Plains.
??
Jin Chu War:
Later, two large-scale battles broke out between Jin and Chu (the battle of Yanling in 576 B.C. and the battle of zhanhan in 557 B.C.). Although Jin won, Chu still maintained a close balance with Jin in the Central Plains.
??
Military alliance:
Continuous wars have brought great disasters to the people, and also caused the boredom of small and medium-sized countries. In addition, the two great powers of Jin and Chu are close rivals, and neither can eat the other. Therefore, initiated by the Song Dynasty, in the seventh year of King Jian of Zhou (579 B.C.) and the twenty sixth year of King Ling of Zhou (546 B.C.), two “war elimination” coalitions were held. Since then, the war has been greatly reduced.
??
Wuyue dominates the Southeast:
When the Central Plains princes’ struggle for hegemony came to an end, Wu and Yue, located in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, began to develop. King Helu of Wu put Sunwu, Wuzixu and others in high position. In the fourteenth year of King Jing of Zhou (506 BC), the king of Wu took Wuzixu as the top general and unified his troops against Chu. When the Wu army invaded the capital of Chu, Wuzixu avenged his father and brother, dug up the tomb of King Ping of Chu, and whipped the corpses for threehundred. In the 24th year of King Jing of Zhou Dynasty (496 BC), the Wu army moved southward to attack Yue. Gou Jian, the king of Yue, led his troops to fight. Linggufu, the doctor of Yue, hit Helu with a dagger. Helu died of injury. In the 26th year of King Jing of Zhou (494 BC), fuchai, the king of Wu, avenged his father and defeated Yue. Gou Jian begged for peace, bribed Bo Chu, a minister of Wu, and gave treasures to the king of Wu and beauty Xi Shi. He personally led a horse for his husband. The king of Wu refused Wuzixu’s proposal to unite Qi to destroy Yue, accepted Yue’s request for peace, turned his troops to the north, defeated Qi’s army and became a small bully. Gou Jian was born and educated for ten years. He finally wiped out the state of Wu in the third year of King yuan of Zhou (473 BC). Fuchai committed suicide in shame and indignation. Gou Jian went north to join forces with Qi, Jin and Xu, becoming the last overlord.
??
The three companies are divided into three groups:
When Duke Wen of Jin returned to the throne of Jin, many followers followed him home. As a result, these people gradually became aristocrats in Jin, and the state politics of Jin also fell into the hands of these aristocrats (Zhi, Zhao, Han, Wei, fan, Zhongshan). In the first 455 years, there were only four aristocrats in Jin, namely, Zhi, Zhao, Han and Wei. Zhi sent troops to attack Zhao and coerced Wei and Han to send troops. The war lasted for two years. Later, Zhao lobbied Wei and Han to defecte, exterminate Zhishi, divide Zhidi and control the national politics of Jin. In 438 B.C., the Han, Zhao and Wei families divided into Jin, and Duke Yougong of Jin left only Jiang and Quwo. In 403 BC, King Weilie of Zhou established the three families of Han, Zhao and Wei as Hou States, which was the dividing point between the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period in the general mirror of Zizhi.
? statistics ?
According to historical records, during the spring and Autumn period of 242 years, 43 monarchs were killed by their subjects or enemy countries, 52 vassal states were destroyed, there were more than 480 major and minor wars, and more than 450 court appointments and League meetings of vassal states.
[politics]
In the spring and Autumn period, the Zhou royal family declined, which was actually close to a medium-sized vassal state. Countries attacked each other, wars continued, and small countries were annexed. Within various countries, the power of officials is strong, and disturbances occur from time to time. Regicide is common. There were 43 cases of regicide recorded in the spring and Autumn Annals and Zuo Zhuan, mainly in the early spring and Autumn period, which also reflected the sharp change of power during the alternation of the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.
During the spring and Autumn period, there were five ranks of barons in China. A large country was called a duke, a marquis, and a small country was called a Bo, a son, and a man. Wu, Yue, Chu, Xu, Ba, Shu, and Yiqu were all barbarian States, so they called themselves kings without Chinese rites. Under the monarch, there are various Qing, two Qing, three Qing or six Qing, of which the person in charge of government affairs is called Zhengqing or Shangqing, the state of Chu is called Lingyin, also known as Xiang, and Qin once called Shu Chang, bu Geng. Qing was the Assistant General of the three armies when he set out for the war. The official positions of the Secretary include situ, Sima, Sikong, Sikou, etc. they are divided into civil, military, fortification and legal affairs. In the early spring and Autumn period, Jin, Chu and other states began to set up counties in newly annexed places, or gather several small towns as counties, or separate private fields into counties. In the border areas, there are counties. There is no subordination relationship between counties, and their officers are appointed by the monarch, and only a few are granted to the nobility as fiefs.
[Economy]
In the spring and Autumn period, iron farm tools were used, but in order to popularize them (the Warring States period began to popularize them), in the spring and Autumn period, in addition to using block ironmaking, they also mastered the advanced technology of smelting pig iron. The use of iron tools made it possible to reclaim wasteland on a large scale, promoted the development of private land, and provided sharp tools for handicraft industry. Cattle farming is becoming more and more common. The development of cattle farming technology can play its role only when it is matched with the use of iron tools. In the aspect of bronze smelting and casting, new technologies such as gold, silver and red copper inlay were invented. The discovery of a large number of cast pottery models in Houma shows that the bronze smelting and mining industry in this period was large in scale and high in level. After the middle of the spring and Autumn period, the vassal states had used a large amount of money. The circulation of metal money has promoted the development of handicraft industry and commerce.
During the spring and Autumn period, iron farm tools were widely used and cattle farming was popularized, which greatly improved agricultural productivity. Many wasteland has been reclaimed into good farmland, and the farming technology has changed from extensive to intensive cultivation, resulting in a great increase in agricultural output. Private land has increased, the well field system has collapsed, and land relations have developed towards privatization. The princes had to carry out reforms one after another, recognize the private ownership of land, allow the sale of land, and collect land taxes from land owners. The enthusiasm of self-employed farmers for production was high. The number of horses increased because of the war. The animal husbandry in the Central Plains has basically become a vassal of agriculture, and few people are specialized in animal husbandry production.
In the spring and Autumn period, the carving patterns on bronze ware tended to be meticulous and neat, and the shape was light and convenient. There were gold inlaid inscriptions. The surviving Wu and Yue bronze swords are rare in the world for their excellent smelting, quenching, alloy technology, excellent plating and pattern casting. Salt boiling, iron smelting, lacquerware and other departments developed. Ironware is mainly handicraft tools and farm implements. The silk fabrics of the state of Qi and the lacquerware of the state of Chu are of high level. Some craftsmen became self-employed producers and operators, living in the “four” in the city, producing and selling at the same time. Luban, known as the father of craftsman, lived in the late spring and Autumn period. Metal coins were produced in the spring and Autumn period. The Jin state was one of the earliest areas to cast and use coins. In the late spring and Autumn period, the grain price of the state of Yue was 60 yuan at the most expensive and 30 yuan at the lowest.
In the spring and Autumn period, a new tax system came into being. In the 15th year of emperor Xuangong of Lu (594 BC), the initial tax of Mu was implemented, and the state levied a certain amount of physical tax on the landowners according to the land area. This is the beginning of the ancient land tax. In AD (590 BC), Lu Cheng made a mound armour and collected a certain amount of military tax (armour) according to the land area, thus integrating tax and tax. During the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, the collection of local taxes was very common. In the 7th year of Jian Gong’s reign (408 BC), the state of Qin implemented the physical land tax system of “initial tax”. During the Warring States period, the tax systems of various countries were different. The state of Qin first implemented the household registration system, according to which the land rent tax was levied and the “touhui” (population tax) was collected.
[culture]
The spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period were the period of great development of Chinese culture, which realized the historical transformation from the religious superstition culture of witchcraft to the rational humanistic culture centered on people in the history of Chinese thought and culture. In the transitional period of spring and autumn, although the traditional concepts since Xia, Shang and Zhou still play a great role in people’s hearts, they are widely influenced. The vacillation and decline of the political authority of Zhou Tianzi and his vassals, the break of learning in the official situation, the subsequent changes in all aspects of society, such as academic downward movement and the movement of ancient books and culture to the folk, have also caused some changes in people’s ideas. These changes are the historical conditions for the realization of the ideological and cultural transformation in the spring and Autumn period.
[religion]
In the spring and Autumn period, there was no widely popular religion, because Taoism began to appear in the Han Dynasty, and Buddhism was introduced into China in the Western Han Dynasty. However, there may also be some less well-known primitive religions in the spring and Autumn period.
[art]
The art of the spring and Autumn period is mainly the carving on the bronze ware. The famous tripod with three legs is a bronze art of the spring and Autumn period. In 1923, a large number of bronze Ding and Jue of the spring and Autumn period were unearthed in Xinzheng City. Compared with the bronzes of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the craft has been greatly developed. The patterns on bronze ware are also exquisite.
[technology]
The first Secretary of Mozi described the lever principle similar to the scale. This is the earliest lever principle theory.
Iron and cattle farming were popularized in the spring and Autumn period, which promoted the development of history.
In astronomy, physics and medicine, China in the spring and Autumn period was at the leading level in the world.
The theory of Yin Yang and five elements, which was formed in the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, brought the whole world, including astronomy, into the five element system. “Heaven” shows “destiny” not only by celestial phenomena, but also by various objects. Therefore, people should observe “destiny” with various symbols, which has changed the previous method of observing destiny with the hearts of the people. These symbols should be displayed in “wudezhuan”. It is displayed in the “five element movement”. The observation of celestial phenomena is not only applicable to national politics, especially abnormal celestial phenomena, because it is related to “destiny” and is highly valued. During the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, some sophisticated medical technologies were invented and applied in clinical practice. Lingshu. Sishiqi records the earliest abdominal puncture in the history of Chinese medicine.
Chinese traditional agriculture began to take shape in the spring and Autumn period. In the spring and Autumn period, people invented new farm tools such as iron plowshare, iron hoe, flail, stone mill, etc.
The bronze casting in the spring and Autumn period is also a feature of this era, represented by the bronze wares of the states of Zeng, Chu and Xu.
[philosophy]
The source of Chinese ideology and culture is Yi. As one of the six Confucian classics, the book of changes has a long process of formation and development. What is called River map and Luoshu by later generations is the expression of burning divination bones, and the reflection of the mutual connection and penetration of rational thinking and image thinking that ancient ancestors realized in their long-term life and practice of divination.
It is said that Fuxi summarized it, arranged yarrow repeatedly, and painted it as eight trigrams, which included all phenomena in heaven and earth. This is the original Yi. Later, it is said that after careful study by King Wen of Zhou, it was standardized and organized into 64 trigrams and 384 trigrams. There were hexagrams and trigrams, which were called the book of changes. It uses simple images and figures, and the opposing changes of yin and yang to explain the diverse and complicated social phenomena, showing thousands of numbers to infinity. It has the characteristics of showing more with less, showing complexity with simplicity, and full of changes. Therefore, it is called “Yi”. Zheng Xuan explained that there are three meanings: one is simplicity, the other is change, and the third is not easy. That is to say, the principles of everything change and remain unchanged, phenomena are constantly changing, and some of the most basic principles will not change, which abstracts a very rich and simple dialectics in theory from the dialectical development of the objective world. In the late spring and Autumn period, Confucius explained and commented on the book of changes and completed the ten wings, namely the book of changes. In this way, the book of changes has developed into a philosophical work that expounds the changes of the universe in a broad and profound way. The academic origin of Chinese civilization was very early, but it did not develop until the spring and Autumn period. The academic thought at this time can be said to be the golden age of Chinese civilization. The Chinese call this period the “hundred schools of thought” period.
[major feudal states in the spring and Autumn period]
The early Eastern Zhou Dynasty, also known as the spring and Autumn period (770 B.C. – 476 B.C.), was the first time in the history of China that a national split was formed. Historians generally regard “three divisions of Jin” as the end of the spring and Autumn period and the beginning of the Warring States period. In 770 BC, King Ping moved eastward to establish the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. However, at this time, the Zhou Dynasty had been weakened to the extreme, and the ruling area was less than 600 Li. All the vassal states had ruled separately and no longer appeared before the king of the Zhou Dynasty, and their right to command the vassal states existed in name only. During this period, the whole country was divided into more than 140 vassal states, including Chu, Qi, Jin, Wu, Yue and Qin.
??
State of Chu:
The state of Chu was established by the three Miao people in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. It participated in the war of King Wu against Zhou in the early Zhou Dynasty, and was later granted the title of Zhou. It lives in Danyang, the land of Chu (now sister GUI County, Hubei Province). In the early spring and Autumn period, Chu became increasingly powerful. In 704 BC, Xiong Tong, the Chu monarch, was named king of Wu and had a land of thousands of miles. Because it is located in the south of China, there are often some wars between the Chu state and the Chinese princes in the Central Plains. Through the war, the state of Chu successively annexed 45 weaker vassal states, and gradually became one of the major powers in southern China in the early spring and Autumn period.
??
Qi Guo:
The ancestor of the state of Qi was the family of Jiang Shang, the adviser of King Wen of Zhou. Jiang Shang was granted the title of Marquis of Qi for his meritorious service in helping Zhou to destroy the business. At the same time, the ruler of Zhou granted the state of Qi a privilege – to attack the guilty marquis. With this privilege, the state of Qi developed into a great power in the East during the Western Zhou Dynasty. During the spring and Autumn period, a famous statesman in history, Duke Huan of Qi, appeared in the state of Qi. He relied on counselors to administer the Central Committee to rectify the country’s politics, set up various officials to perform their respective duties, and divided the country into 21 townships, including six townships for Industry and Commerce and fifteen townships for scholars. These fifteen townships were called agricultural townships. People in the townships devoted themselves to agriculture in peacetime and became soldiers in wartime. During these years, the state of Qi became rich and powerful. By 679 BC, the state of Qi had dominated the north. Later, in 567 BC, the state of Qi wiped out Lai, a big country of Dongyi, and more than doubled its land, becoming a real top-ranking country.
??
Jin State:
Jin was originally located in Rongdi nomadic area. In the early Eastern Zhou Dynasty, Duke Xian of Jin (676 BC – 651 BC) established the capital Jiang (Yicheng County, Shanxi), and began the hegemony of Jin. The state of Jin successively eliminated some small northern feudal states such as Huo, Geng, Wei, Yu and Guo, and unified the Fen River Basin. In 636 BC, Chong’er, the son of Duke Xian, ascended the throne. He was exiled by Duke Xian for 19 years. In these 19 years, Chong’er traveled around the world and accumulated rich political experience. Therefore, he immediately began to rectify political affairs after returning to China. He worked with ministers and ministers as one, and led the joint forces of Jin, Qin, song and Qi to attack the state of Chu in the South twice, occupying a large area of the south. The Jin army’s southern expedition further spread the Chinese civilization to the south of the Yangtze River and accelerated the pace of the great integration of the Chinese nation. In the late spring and Autumn period, the rule of Jin was in crisis, and finally split into several independent vassal states, such as Han, Zhao, Wei, and so on. The history said that “three families divided Jin”.
??
Wu Guo:
Wu was a new vassal state developed in the middle and early spring and Autumn period. It was originally a dependency of Chu, but it gradually broke away from the rule of Chu with its later strength. In 506 BC, the state of Wu attacked the state of Chu on a large scale. During the war, the state of Wu conquered Chengying (now Jiangling, Hubei), the capital of the state of Chu for 200 years, and stole a large amount of materials. The war between Wu and Chu was the first war in the spring and Autumn period. The result of the war made Chu suffer unprecedented trauma, and Wu gradually replaced Chu as a big country in the south.
??
Vietnam:
The state of Yue, like the state of Wu, is a tributary of Chu, but the rise of Yue was later than that of Wu. It was not until the reign of Yunchang that the Lord of Yue was called king. After that, with the help of Wen Zhong, an old minister of Chu, and Fan Li, the king of Yue fought back the invading state of Wu. Later, Fu Chairen, the king of Wu, used Wu Zixu as a general to win over the state of Yue and make it subject. But Gou Jian, the king of Yue, was not willing to fail. He lived among firewood and tasted the gall once a day to show that he did not forget his national hatred. After several years of preparation, Gou Jian, the king of Yue, destroyed Wu in 473 BC, becoming another big southern country after Wu.
??
State of Qin:
Qin is not the most powerful country among the major powers, but with its superior geographical location, Qin became the fastest-growing country in the spring and Autumn period. During the reign of Duke mu of Qin, bailixi, a counselor, was appointed to make Qin strong for a time. However, Qin was located in the north of the Central Plains and mixed with Rongdi, Qiang and other northern ethnic groups. Therefore, the Chinese princes always took Qin as the Rongdi state and prohibited it from uniting with the Central Plains, which gave Qin a good opportunity for development. Only in the later Warring States period could Qin eliminate the six countries and unify the world with powerful strength.
During the spring and Autumn period, various Vassal States annexed other small states one after another, especially the great powers such as Chu and Qi. At the end of the spring and Autumn period, most of the small and medium-sized countries gradually withdrew from the stage of history and were replaced by the seven kingdoms of Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei and Qin. At this point, the spring and Autumn Period in Chinese history came to an end, followed by another separatist era – the Warring States period.