Year
Chronology
Temple number
name
Accession time
Accession age
Number of years in office
Age at death
Lineage
remarks
Founding of the people’s Republic of China
Ad 9
Change the country code to “new”
usurper who founded the Xin dynasty
eight
fifty-four
sixteen
sixty-nine
Nephew of the emperor and queen of the Yuan Dynasty, father Wang man
When Emperor Ping was young, the queen mother came to the court. His nephew Wang Mang, assisted by the grand Sima, killed emperor Ping in Ad 5. Li Ruzi, Liu Ying, assisted by Wang Mang, claimed to be the fake emperor. Three years later, he established himself as emperor in AD 8 and changed the country’s name to “new”
Tianfeng
Ad 14
Terrestrial Sovereigns
Ad 20
Reform
Ad 23
Jianyuan reform
Liu Xuan
twenty-three
three
Caiyang people in Nanyang, brother of Liuxiu nationality, remote royal family of the Western Han Dynasty
Wang Mang started his army at the end of the year. He first joined the Pinglin army and was a general of Gengshi. Later, he merged with the green forest army and became emperor in 23 years. He was named “Gengshi” and was killed by the red eyebrow army for three years
?? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????“??”?“??”?
The original meaning of the new is to change and update the old. In the late Western Han Dynasty, under the domination of the five virtues theory, which was induced by heaven and man, there was a trend of thought that new virtue replaced old virtue in social politics. Under this background, Wang Mang regarded himself as the spokesman of new virtue, “transforming the Han Dynasty into a new one, abolishing Liu and rejuvenating the king”, and finally completed the process of replacing the Han Dynasty with “re commissioned”. Han is fire virtue, Red Emperor, and Wang Mang is native virtue, claiming to be “entrusted to the emperor’s first ancestor after the examination of the Yellow Emperor”. According to the theory of five elements, native virtue replaces fire virtue, which is intended to be passed on by the Red Emperor to the Yellow Emperor and given by heaven.
Establish a new dynasty
Wang Mang, the king of the new dynasty, was the queen of the Yuan Dynasty (called the queen of the Yuan Dynasty), and gave birth to a son and became the emperor. At the time of emperor Cheng, many brothers of the Yuan Dynasty were granted Marquises, but only Wang man died early and was not granted Marquises. Wang Mang is the son of Wang man and the nephew of empress yuan. Because his cousin was the son of a general and Marquis, “he wasted time and was high with his horse’s voice and color”; But because his father died early, he was “lonely and poor, and became courteous and thrifty because of frugality”. When he was young, he received Confucian education and was diligent and erudite. It’s very considerate to serve my mother and my widowed sister-in-law and raise my orphaned brother and son. He also makes friends with handsome people and serves his parents, which is in line with etiquette. During the period of Yangshuo (24-21 BC), Wang Feng was ill, and Wang Mang served very respectfully. On her deathbed, Wang Feng recommended Wang Mang to serve as the Chamberlain of the yellow gate, so Wang Mang embarked on an official career.
After a few years, Wang Shang and some celebrities praised Wang Mang, and Emperor Cheng made Wang Mang the new capital in the first year of Yongshi (16 BC). Around this time, Wang Mang was successively promoted to Qi Du Wei, Guanglu doctor, and Shizhong. At this time, he was “cautious and chivalrous” and “the more modest his integrity is”. He often “shakes the guests” with carriages, horses, clothes and fur, and makes friends with celebrities and Gongqing. Therefore, Gongqing recommended, and the traveler said, “the false reputation is growing day by day, dumping its fathers.”.
In the first year of Suihe (8 BC), Wang Mang was promoted to Da Sima at the age of 38. At this time, Wang Mang “wanted to make his reputation better than his predecessors, so he restrained himself tirelessly” and hired some virtuous people as “historians”, and the rewards he received were distributed to his subordinates, while he was very frugal. His wife “didn’t drag her clothes on the ground and covered her knees”, just like a servant. Wang Mang was a great Sima for a year, Emperor Cheng died, Emperor AI of the Han Dynasty ascended the throne (7 BC), the new Han Dynasty: Qi Ding and Fu Yongshi outside Zhongquan thirty, Wang Mang abdicated, avoided living in Xindu (now Xinye, Henan), and Du menshou.
Emperor AI died in the second year of Yuanshou (4 BC), and the nine year old emperor Hanping ascended the throne. After the Yuan Dynasty, Wang Mang was named as the great Sima. Wang Mang died as a big Sima since the second year of his life in the Yuan Dynasty, and held power for 24 years.
[an Han Gong]
In the first six or seven years of Wang Mang’s reign (1 bc-6 A.D.), except for the forces of Ding and Fu, the “relatives of the emperor AI and ministers who did not say anything about their positions, mang all caused their sins”. At the same time, the famous Confucian kongguang and his son-in-law Zhen Han were courted for their use. He was afraid that his uncle Hongyang Marquis Wang Li would gossip in front of the empress yuan, so he asked Kong Guang to play Wang Li’s “old evil” and send Wang Li back to the feudal state. Because Wang Mang has a wrist of coercion, so “a Shun is promoted, and those who hate are killed”. In the first month of the first year of the first year of emperor Hanping, Yue Shang retranslated the white pheasant one and the black pheasant two, and appointed the three princes to recommend the ancestral temple. The ministers said that “the merits and virtues of mang made Zhou Cheng a white pheasant, which has been the same for thousands of years”, requesting that Wang Mang be given the title of Duke Han an. So he worshipped Wang Mang as a Taifu and was called an Han Gong.
[Zaiheng]
Wang Mang granted the jade version of Zen in 2 ad, when Emperor Hanping was 13 years old, Wang Mang successfully promoted his daughter to the position of Queen.
Chen Chong and scholar Zhang Cheng wrote a memorial praising Wang Mang’s merits and virtues comparable to Duke Zhou, suggesting that “it is appropriate to restore the principality, make it like Duke Zhou, establish a prince, and make it like a bird”. The Gongqing side discussed this matter, which was just the time for LV Kuan to start. At first, after Wang Mang passed the Yuan Dynasty, he pushed the emperor’s mother Wei Ji and his uncle Wei Bao and Wei Xuan out of the capital. Wang Yushen, his son, was afraid of resentment after emperor Ping grew up. He communicated with Wei Bao and taught him to try to return to Beijing. Wang Mang disagreed. Wang Yu privately discussed with his wife and brother Lu Kuan and others, and used superstitious means to make the court return to Zheng Wei. However, LV Kuan was found to be arrested when he sprinkled blood on Wang Mang’s family at night and committed suicide in prison. Wang mangzou asked him to kill his son Wang Yu, and Yu’s wife was killed after she was pregnant and had to give birth. Therefore, Wang Mang killed the Wei family and governed LV Kuan’s prison. He even led the heroes of the prefecture and country to criticize him. He also implicated Princess Jing Wu (the sister of the Yuan emperor), Liang Wangli, Hong Yang Hou Li, and Ping ahouren, forcing him to commit suicide. “The dead count in hundreds”. Wang Mang also wrote a book about this, advocating that the crime of treating children is public and selfless, in order to abstain from children and grandchildren; His minions also requested that this book be published nationwide, so that academic officials can teach, so that officials can understand the purpose of this book.
After Lu Kuan’s case was over, Wang Shun repeated Chen Chongzhi’s suggestion. The minions incited “more than 8000 people to submit letters to the people”, and all asked to follow Chen Chong’s suggestions. So in April of the fourth year of the first year of the Yuan Dynasty (AD 4), he worshipped Wang Mang as Zaiheng and became a duke. Wang Mang also engraved the “great Sima seal of the Supreme Master of Zaiheng”, which was high above the Gongqing and distinguished from others in terms of authority.
[Jiuxi]
At this time, Wang Mang played Mingtang, Biyong and Lingtai, and built thousands of districts for scholars, making cities and often full warehouses. The system was very prosperous. Set up the “Le Jing”, with five members of Dr. Yi and five of the classics. Call up scholars of classics, and people who know Yi Li, ancient book, Mao Shi, Zhou Guan, Erya, astronomy, prophecy, bell law, moon order, art of war, and history. “Gather all the powerful people in the world. After thousands of them, they will be recorded in the court. They will be correct and perverse. A strange saying goes.”
Please reward Wang Mang when the ministers play. After the Yuan Dynasty, the emperor promised to discuss the method of Jiuxi. In the fifth year of the first year of the Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 5), officials and people asked for a reward for Wang Mang because he was not given the gift of xinnoda, “and 487, 572 people before and after the letter, as well as princes, princes, princes, and imperial clan witnesses, kowtowed their heads.”. Wang Mang wrote that his virtue was weak, his position was high, and he was often afraid of being incompetent. Now the “peace” in the world is the virtue of the post Yuan Dynasty, the same merit, not his ability, and refused to be rewarded. But he was still affected by Jiuxi, and his power was very different from that of his ministers.
[proclaim the emperor]
Liu Qing, the Marquis of Leling, wrote that the current emperor was young, and Wang Mang should be allowed to “act like the Duke of Zhou”. All the ministers said it should be so. At this time, Emperor Ping was ill, and Wang Mang made a plan. He was willing to replace him with his body, hide the plan in the gold, and put it in the front hall. This is the story of the Duke of Zhou who made Jin Li g for the king of Wu. Soon, Emperor Ping died prematurely, and he wanted to choose a successor. At this time, Emperor Shijue of the Yuan Dynasty chose the youngest son among the xuansun, who was only two years old. “I thought the divination phase was the most auspicious.”.
At this time, someone said that Meng Tongjun, the martial arts master, got a white stone. Under the upper circle, there was a stone written in a Dan book. The text said, “tell an Han gongmang to be the emperor.” After Gongqing played the Yuan Dynasty, he was scolded and said, “this false accusation is against the world and cannot be carried out!” Wang Shun mediated from it and explained to empress yuan that this matter could not be stopped. Wang Mang did not dare to have other ideas, “but he wanted to claim that photography was important to his power and fill the ears of the world”. The empress of the Yuan Dynasty had no choice but to promise that Wang Mang “lived, photographed and practiced his throne, like the story of the Duke of Zhou”. So the ministers asked Wang Mang to Regent “all like the system of the son of heaven”, and changed the yuan to “residence photography” the next year. Soon, Wang Mang took Ziying as the crown prince and called him “Ru Zi”.
In April of the first year of jushe (A.D. 6), the Marquis of an Zhong, Liu Chong, encouraged the Liu clan to rise against Wang Mang. More than 100 followers attacked Wancheng and were defeated without entry. From then on, the world began to fight against recklessness. Liu Chong’s father, Liu Jia Yi que, pleaded guilty and was pardoned. He praised Wang Mang’s merits, scolded Liu Chong for chaos, and affirmed Wang Mang’s suppression of Liu Chong. Wang Mang was so happy that he made Liu Jia a handsome marquis. At this time, the ministers said that Liu chongmou rebelled because Wang Mang was “less powerful”, and Wang Mang’s power should be improved in order to subdue the country. So queen yuan ordered Wang Mang to call himself “fake emperor” when he came to see her.
In September of the second year of jushe (A.D. 7), after Wang Mang suppressed Zhai Yi, he thought that his virtue was growing and that he had received the help of heaven and man, “so planning is the real thing.”. This year, marquis Liu Jing of Guangrao and others played Fu orders to “take the emperor seriously immediately”, saying that it was the fate of heaven. So Wang Mang said to empress yuan: when I reported to you, I called myself “fake emperor”; And today, when the world talks to me, there is no need to say “photography”. In November, he changed his residence to take three years as the initial first year to meet the destiny. At this time, the officials and the people all knew that Wang Mang was under the will of the mandate, and the minions began to seriously discuss and make suggestions. Wang Mang’s “instant truth” was put on the agenda. In A.D. 9, he abolished children and infants, established himself as emperor, and changed the country’s name to “new”.
Zhou Li reform
Main contents of Zhou Li’s reform
(1) “renamed tiantiantian as Wangtian”, private individuals are not allowed to buy or sell, and the land problem is solved by restoring the well field system.
(2) change slaves to “private ownership” and do not buy or sell them.
(3) implement the “five balances and six guans”, that is, set up five balances in Chang’an, the capital of the country, and five major cities. The government manages five balances on credit and manages prices, collects business taxes, and operates salt, iron, wine, coin casting, and collects Shanze tax.
(4) reform the currency system.
(5) reform the central organization, take apart the traditional style goods spring horizontally, that is, adjust the division of counties and counties, and change official names and place names
(6) change the titles of ethnic names and leaders of ethnic minorities.
There are many reasons for the failure of Zhou Li’s reform: first, some policies issued by Wang Mang during the reform violated the objective law. Such as the “king field system”, the national land will be nationalized and redistributed according to the well field system. Here Wang Mang intended to immediately eliminate land annexation, but the original intention was not good, but this policy violated the development law of feudal land private ownership at that time, which was doomed to its failure. As a result, they were unable to fulfill the promise that landless people could receive land according to the standard, and endangered the privileged interests of bureaucrat landlords. Another example is the restoration of the original currency that has been eliminated by history in the reform of the currency system, which directly violates the law of currency development and increases the obstacles of currency circulation. Secondly, the reform is too rapid, and it is easy to take some excessive policies and measures to damage the interests of the majority of people, resulting in the loss of social foundation for the reform. For example, Wang Mang changed slaves to “private ownership” and banned the sale of slaves. His intention was to stop the expansion of the number of slaves and solve the increasingly serious problem of slaves in society. However, this measure was also opposed by people from slave houses to landless people, because banning the sale of slaves not only violated the interests of bureaucrats and rich people, but also cut off a way for farmers who lost their land and had no way to go to live as slaves. Third, Wang Mang also took administrative measures to enforce inappropriate reform measures, which caused widespread dissatisfaction.
In the third year of the emperor of the earth (A.D. 22), Wang Mang saw that the peasants in the four directions had risen one after another, and Wang Kuang, Lian Dan and other wars were disadvantageous. He knew that the world was collapsing, and things were poor. He proposed to dispatch the custom doctor siguoxian and others to divide the world, except for the prohibition of minefields, slaves, mountains and lakes, and Liuli. Since his accession to the throne, he ordered all those who were inconvenient to the people to return it. Before he could do so, he Chongling soldiers rose and the new dynasty perished.
Green forest red eyebrow
The salt free victory of the red eyebrow army Tianfeng 4 ~ 5 years (AD 17 ~ 18 years) the national peasant uprising broke out in three areas: in today’s northwest Hubei, there are the green forest army led by Wang Kuang and Wang Feng (named for its base in green forest mountain); In today’s eastern Shandong and Northern Jiangsu, there are the red eyebrow army led by fan Chong (named after the rebels painted their eyebrows red); In today’s Hebei area, there are dozens of uprising teams, the largest of which is called the bronze horse army.
In the second year of the emperor of the earth (A.D. 21), 20000 mu FA soldiers of Xinmang Jingzhou attacked the green forest army. The green forest army defeated the mang army, and the number of troops increased to tens of thousands. The following year, an epidemic occurred in the green forest mountain area, and the rebel army was divided and transferred. One route, led by Wang Chang and Cheng Dan, entered Nanjun in the west, called Xiajiang army; One route, led by Wang Kuang, Wang Feng and Ma Wu, went north to Nanyang, called Xinshi Bing. When Xinshi soldiers attacked suixian County, Pinglin people Chen Mu and Liao Zhan led the crowd to respond, also known as Pinglin soldiers. After the outbreak of the green forest army uprising, Liu Xuan, the imperial clan of the Western Han Dynasty, defected to the Pinglin Yijun to serve as an Jixuan. The brothers Liu Yan and Liu Xiu (Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty), the big landlords in Nanyang, deployed clans and guests to form a team of sevenoreight thousand people, known as the Chung Ling army. The empress of the Chongling army joined forces with the Xiajiang army. The green forest Army established the cowardly Han clan Liu Xuan as emperor in A.D. 23, restoring the country name of the Han Dynasty, Jianyuan Gengshi, known as Gengshi emperor in history. In the same year, the green forest army defeated the main force of Wang Mang’s army in Kunyang (now ye County, Henan Province); In September, Chang’an was successfully captured. Thus ending the rule of Xinmang regime. In October, Liu xuanbei’s capital was Luoyang, and the next year he moved his capital to Chang’an.
After the reform regime entered Chang’an, Liu Xuan’s life was corrupt, and he feasted day and night. Zhao Meng, his close confidant, was arbitrary. Therefore, the rebel army generals separated from each other and worked out their own ways. Liu Xuan is also unwilling to cooperate with the red eyebrow army, and the two sides are full of contradictions. In 25 A.D., the red eyebrow army made Liu Penzi, a 15-year-old imperial clan of the Western Han Dynasty, emperor; Liu Xuan surrendered and was soon hanged.
New Korean War
[Kunyang war]
In A.D. 23, the army of the new emperor Wang Mang and the imperial clan of the Han Dynasty and the founding emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty Liu Xiu broke out in Kunyang (now ye County, Henan Province), a famous battle in Chinese history that determined the future historical process – the Kunyang war.
In the late years of Wang Mang, the world was in chaos. Various rebel armies such as the green forest army, the Xinshi army, the red eyebrow army, the Pinglin army, the bronze horse army, and the Xiajiang army rose one after another, and the Han Dynasty imperial clan Liu Xiu also set up troops in Nanyang. So Wang Mang took situ Wangxun and Sikong Wangyi as generals and recruited more than 400000 troops, known as millions. At the same time, 63 military officials who were familiar with the art of war were recruited. The giant giant Ju Wuba, who was one foot long and ten girths around, was taken as the base captain, and many beasts, such as tigers, leopards, rhinoceros, elephants and so on, were driven to cheer, while the rest of the flags and supplies were endless for thousands of miles. “Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, there has never been a prosperous graduation.” It’s really a national effort to try to calm the world with one drum. Liu Xiu, on the other hand, defended Kunyang city with 89, 000 troops, and the reinforcements deployed were only 10, 000 or 20, 000 troops. There was a huge military gap between the two. However, in the battle, Liu Xiu took advantage of the weakness of Wang Xun and Wang Yi’s neglect of the enemy, directly broke through the backbone of Wang Mang’s army with 3000 elite troops, and took advantage of sharp attacks to break through the enemy. Wang Xun was killed, and Wang Yi only fled back to Luoyang with thousands of people. As a result, the epicenter of the pass was shocked and terrified, and the response at home and abroad was all over the world in ten days and ten months.
“Zizhi Tongjian” records that during the campaign, “there will be thunder, wind, roof tiles flying, rain pouring like a note, creating a war between tigers and leopards, soldiers fighting to drown, tens of thousands of dead, water does not flow”. This watch will play an important role in the victory of the defeated Han Army in the new dynasty tomorrow. However, the climate should be the same for the two armies. Why the results are so different? Both “the story of the Eastern Han Dynasty” and “the book of the later Han Dynasty” recorded such a magical phenomenon: “there are meteors falling into the camp at night, clouds like bad mountains in the day, when the camp falls, they fall away less than the ground feet, and officials are tired of falling.” At night, an ominous meteor fell into Wang Mang’s military camp, but during the day, there were clouds like a collapsing mountain falling towards the camp and dispersing very close to the ground. Officers and soldiers were scared to lie on the ground. “Clouds are like bad mountains” is a bad omen for the army to be annihilated. According to the ancient divination, “the head of the camp fell, and the soldiers and generals under it fell, and blood flowed thousands of miles.” It is conceivable that this will be a huge blow to the superstitious mang army. This unusual factor led to Wang Mang’s army’s final defeat, which led to the unstoppable collapse of the new regime.
[battle of blue country]
In December of the third year of the new mang Emperor (22nd year), during the green forest peasant uprising war, the green forest army broke through an attack by Wang Mang’s army in Lanxiang (now Biyang, Henan Province).
In November of that year, the three departments of the green forest army Xinshi, Pinglin and Chongling jointly conquered Jiyang (now the south of Nanyang City, Henan Province). Later, because Liu Li t led the Chongling soldiers eager to attack Wan, they were defeated by Zhenfu, the governor of Nanyang County, and Qiu cijun, a member of the Zhengliang army, and were forced to surrender to Jiyang. Zhen Fu and Liang Qiuci left their supplies in LAN township. Taking advantage of the victory, they led 100000 elite soldiers to cross huangchun water (located in the west of Tanghe City, Henan Province today) to the south, near Li a water (located in Biyang, Henan Province today), and camped between the two rivers in an attempt to put out the rebel forces at one stroke. At that time, more than 5000 Xiajiang soldiers led by Wang Chang and others had moved from Nanjun (county governing Jiangling, now Hubei) to Yiqiu (now Southeast of Tanghe, Henan). In December, Xinshi, Pinglin, Xiajiang and Chongling joined forces, and their morale was greatly boosted. They launched an all-round attack on Zhen Fu and Liangqiu cijun. The rebel troops, divided into six units, attacked Lan Xiang at night, seized all the supplies of Zhen Fu army at one fell swoop, blocked its retreat, and attacked its main force from the southeast and southwest, and Zhen Fu army was defeated and fled. The rebels chased huangchunshui, annihilated more than 20000 people, and killed Zhen Fu and Liang Qiuci. In this war, the rebel army won a complete victory, which made the anti recklessness struggle of the green forest army enter a new stage.
[battle of Chengchang]
In the winter of the third year (22nd year) of the new mang emperor, in the red eyebrow peasant uprising, the red eyebrow army defeated more than 100000 people of Wang Mang’s Grand Master Wang Kuang’s department in Chengchang (East and west of the mountain today).
That year, fan Chongyi’s army had grown to more than 10000 people, directly endangering Wang Mang’s rule. Wang Mang had to raise troops to step up repression and focus on the East. In April, Wang Mang sent Taishi Wang Kuang and Gengshi general Lian Dan with 100000 elite troops to suppress fan Chongyi’s army. Hearing the news, fan Chong ordered his soldiers to paint their eyebrows with vermilion in order to identify the enemy and ourselves in battle, so it was called “red eyebrow army”. Wang Mang’s army marched eastward, burning, killing and looting along the way, and the people were very indignant. At that time, the popular ballad “better meet the red eyebrow than the grand master, the grand master is OK, and Gengshi (referring to Gengshi general Lian Dan) killed me” truly reflected the people’s support for the red eyebrow army and hatred for the mang army. In October, Wang Kuang led his army to Wuyan (now the east of the mountain is flat East), defeating more than 10000 people of soluhui department who raised troops to respond to the red eyebrow army. At that time, the constitutional Department of the board of directors of the school of Chimei was active in Liangdi (now northeast Henan) in the southwest of salt free. Relying on the strong and urgent battle, Wang Kuang led the army south to break Dong Xian’s department at one stroke. Just at this time, fan chongsuo led the main force of the red eyebrow army to Chengchang near salt free. Soon after the mang army came out without salt, they met the red eyebrow army in Chengchang. During the first battle, Wang Kuang and Lian Dan were annihilated by more than 10000 people and fled in a tragic defeat. The red eyebrow army took advantage of the victory and pursued it until there was no salt. Wang kuangcang fled to Luoyang, and Lian Dan fought hard. The red eyebrow army killed more than 20 lieutenants of Lian Dan and his subordinates, and won a complete victory.
Historical review
Ban Gu (32-92 years) of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Meng Jian, said in the book of Han Dynasty: Wang Mang began to have relatives and worked hard to gain reputation, the clan was called filial piety, and his teachers and friends returned to benevolence. And its position as a political assistant. At the time of success and sorrow, the hardworking country goes straight and says everything. Does it mean that “you will hear it at home and in the country”, “Lust takes benevolence and acts against it” are evil? Mang is not benevolent but has the talent of being sycophantic and evil. Taking advantage of the power of the four fathers in the past, he was destroyed by the central and Western Han Dynasty and the national unification. The Empress Dowager was the suzerain of the imperial examination. Therefore, he was provoked by his traitors to become the disaster of usurping and stealing. It is said that it is also time, not caused by human power. And its theft to the south, is not based on, the potential of subversion is dangerous in Jie and Zhou, and mang Yan Ran naturally resurfaced with Huang and Yu. However, it began to wantonly fight against its power and fraud, brutalize the people, be extremely ferocious, poison the summers, and spread wild raccoons in disorder, but it was not enough to fulfill its desires. It is because in the four seas, there is a clamor to lose their happy life, Chinese and foreign anger and resentment, both far and near, the cities are not guarded, and the branches are divided, so the cities under the world are empty, and the hills and ridges are excavated, harming all the living people, Gu and decaying bones. According to the biography of the book, the evil officials, thieves, and people without Tao are tested for their disaster and defeat, which is not as reckless as it is. In the past Qin Dynasty, poems and books were burned for private discussion, and the six arts were recited recklessly for evil words. They all went the same way, and both were used for destruction. All of them were KANGLONG Jue Qi, bad luck, purple frog sound, the rest were leap positions, and the Holy King expelled Yuner!
Xia Yan (1482-1548) said in Shen Yi Tian Di Fen Ji Shu: “those who use Zhou Li to mistake the world, Wang Mang, Liu Xin, Su Chuo, Wang Anshi also.”
Huo Tao (1487-1540) and Xia Gongjin’s book said: “Wang Mang’s learning was first passed on to Yu Wentai, and then passed on to Wang Anshi. However, Anshi can only practice the Quan mansion’s law. The government of gaiquan mansion, that is, the government of Sang Hongyang, was defeated. How Anshi did it, so that Yuan Feng talked about it, such as it was, even worse than Yu Wentai. Yu Wentai did the law of Zhou Guan for Da Li Song zhu Li, and his descendants became king of Zhou Tian, but still worse than Wang Mang. The law did it “Zhou Guan”, as a Zaiheng, went to the throne as Shun Yu. Therefore, it is said that if you dare to use “Zhou Li”, Wang Mang is the top, Yu Wentai is the second, and Wang Anshi is the bottom. “
Modern commentary
Lu Xun once expressed a view that the shorter a dynasty is, the darker it is in history books. Because it has no time to write its own history, it can only wait until the next Dynasty – often its enemies (such as Qin and Han) – to revise its history, and “darkness” is inevitable. Therefore, we can’t trust the book of Han Dynasty, the biography of Wang Mang, which overthrew Wang Mang and established the Eastern Han Dynasty. The success or failure of Wang Mang was undoubtedly determined by the social conditions and objective laws at that time, but his personal ideological character was also an absolutely non negligible factor. A person’s character is by no means innate, but is shaped by his unique living environment and growth experience the day after tomorrow. According to the records of his life in historical materials such as the biography of Wang Mang in the book of Han Dynasty (the value is irrelevant, just look at the events), the author has reason to believe that Wang Mang is an extremely devout and even stubborn believer of Confucianism (the Western Han Dynasty Confucianism dominated by prophecy, which seems to be appropriate to be called religion). His success or failure is that the Confucian ideological system he believes in cannot alone become the full embodiment of the thought of national rule.
Wang Mang was born in the fourth year of the early Yuan Dynasty of emperor yuan of the Han Dynasty, and was born in the Wang family, the most famous family in the Western Han Dynasty. His aunt has been made queen, and his uncle Wang Fengquan is in power. Five uncles in the second year of Heping mang were granted Marquises on the same day. But this is not good for Wang Mang. Mang’s father and brother died early, and before the Marquis was granted, the orphans and widows depended on each other. Everyone is expensive, and there is no nobility alone. You can imagine what kind of childhood he spent in such a family. Perhaps the lessons taught him over and over again have taught him what is humility, taught him to be humble and polite, and also taught him the feeling of being inferior to others, which may explain why he is good at attracting people’s hearts. Because he didn’t have any extravagant capital, he could only learn to live frugally and study hard. He once studied Li Jing with Chen Shen. The filial piety, courtesy, comity and benevolence of Confucianism are very suitable for his position in the family; In addition, Confucianism in the Western Han Dynasty has been highly respected. Hongru scholars are fully respected by the society, and even recruited by princes as officials. Their academic attainments may establish a balance with the high-ranking officials of uncles and brothers, so that mang can maintain a dignified position in the family. These two points may be the internal reasons why Wang Mang is famous for his erudition. In short, the environment and experience before entering the official position have made the Confucian value system, ethics and code of conduct deeply imprinted in his heart and become his lifelong faith.
Confucianism is to actively enter the official position, is to “know what it can’t do and do it”, and do everything to realize its political ideal; At the same time, Confucianism advocates humility and comity, or suppresses the expression of inner desire. These two seemingly contradictory thoughts have been perfectly unified in Wang Mang, thus forming his unique character of hypocrisy but piety. It is this unique character that determines that it is Wang Mang rather than Zhang Sandai who claims the throne of the Han Dynasty, and also determines that after claiming the throne, he will adopt a series of policies to add fuel to the fire to destroy.
After centuries of exclusive respect for Confucianism, Confucian ethics has become a recognized moral standard in the whole society. Wang Mang’s various behaviors have won a high reputation as a living Duke because they meet this standard. The aspirations of the people became an important condition for him to ascend the throne.