Liang Yu, Queen of Shun emperor of Eastern Han Dynasty

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Liang zhe (106 ~ 150), the queen of Shun emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty, was the daughter of Liang Shang. Liang zhe was one of the three famous empresses in the Eastern Han Dynasty (Empress Dowager Deng and Empress Dowager Dou). In the turbulent years at the turn of the Han Dynasty, Liang Tong, the great grandfather of the Liang family, was originally a small local official in the northwest. In the fierce and fierce scuffle and the disputes between the peasant uprising forces such as Chimei and Lvlin, he raised troops to implement the measures of “protecting the territory and reassuring the people”. Later, he took the initiative to submit to the Han court and made great contributions to the establishment of the Eastern Han regime. Therefore, the Liang family gradually developed into a powerful family in the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Before and after the Liang clan, seven people were granted marques. They were the top generals and were in charge of the court. There were also three queens and six dignitaries in the court; In addition, there were three people who married princesses and became their son-in-law. Seven wives and women were called monarchs, and the rest were granted generals, yin and school titles. Especially in the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty, when Liang became Queen and empress dowager, under her protection, there was the darkest era of Liang’s dictatorship, in which relatives represented by Liang Ji and eunuchs colluded with each other, resulting in the decline of the Eastern Han regime.

Since childhood, Liang Fu was clever and skillful. He not only liked reading, but also had a good hand in needlework. At the age of nine, she had already read the Analects of Confucius and recited the bookofsongs, and could explain the general meaning of these Confucian classics. She also often takes the story characters in the “lienu Tu” as an example to encourage herself. Her father saw the wisdom of the daughter in his eyes, liked her in his heart, favored her very much, and focused on training her. Liang merchants often said to the people of the clan, “what if you want to promote this woman?”

In the fifth year of the first day of the Yuan Dynasty (118), the 13-year-old Liang Zhe and her aunt were selected to serve as imperial concubines in the palace. Later, Liu Baofeng, Emperor Shun of the Han Dynasty, was successively honored as a “noble person”. With her beauty, wisdom and management ability, Liang Fu soon became famous in the harem. In the first year of Yangjia (132), she was made queen. Because Liang had a lot of books and ideas, he was able to “see the gains and losses of previous lives” and “dare not be arrogant and expert”. He not only managed the harem in an orderly manner, but also helped the emperor govern the court. For example, empress Liang played a very good role in punishing violent officials, pardoning the world and paying attention to accepting the advice of remonstrated ministers. After the death of Emperor Shun of the Han Dynasty, she became the Empress Dowager of the three dynasties, namely, Emperor Chong, Emperor Zhi and Emperor Huan, and continued to be in power for 19 years.

Liang zhe was one of the few empress dowagers in Chinese history who was in power and made a difference. At the beginning of the establishment of the regime of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the whole country was unified, large-scale wars were eliminated, the people were recuperated, and a “peaceful and prosperous age” of so-called “rejuvenation of Guangwu” occurred for decades. However, after Liuzhao, the emperor of Han Dynasty, the situation that relatives and eunuchs took power alternately or jointly appeared in the central regime. From then on, the regime of the Eastern Han Dynasty began to decline. It is in this situation that Liang zhe stepped into the center of the political stage. During this period, the three little emperors she supported did not have the ability to govern personally, and national affairs were all handled by her. She was conscientious and devoted to the administration of the court. Basically, she was “diligent day and night, pushing the heart and the staff to be virtuous”. She was able to promote talents with both moral integrity and ability, and help her manage national affairs. For example, she employed famous scholars such as Huang Qiong, Li Gu, chen fan and Li Ying, which improved the government of the imperial court, punished corrupt officials to a certain extent, improved social security, strengthened national defense security, and initially strengthened the political power of the Eastern Han Dynasty, fully demonstrating Liang Kai’s ability to govern the country.

Of course, she is also directly and indirectly responsible for her brother Liang Ji’s domination of the imperial government, domineering and all kinds of perverse acts, as well as the adverse effects. In addition, although she was frugal in life, she “indulged in eunuchs” and listened to their slander, which objectively created conditions for the joint dictatorship of relatives and eunuchs.

In the spring of the first year of peace (150), Liang Fu returned the imperial government to Liu Zhi, Emperor Huan of the Han Dynasty. In that year, he died of illness, was buried in Xianling, and became Queen shunlie. Huangfu GUI (103 ~ 174), a general of the Eastern Han Dynasty, was born in Chaona County, Anding county (now the ancient town of Pengyang, Ningxia). The son of the general, his grandfather huangfuling was a general in the Western Han Dynasty, and his father Huangfu Qi was a lieutenant in Fufeng. Influenced by his family, he likes to read military books, is familiar with the art of war, and has a military strategy. When he first served as a meritorious Cao, he led 800 warriors to defeat the Qiang people, which initially showed his military ability. After the death of Emperor Shun of the Han Dynasty, the Empress Dowager Liang came to power, and the General Liang Ji presided over the military and political affairs in the court. Liang Ji, in collusion with eunuchs, was domineering and perverse. None of the civil and military ministers of the Manchu Dynasty dared to speak. It is in this dark political situation that the imperial court still regularly selects outstanding reserve talents throughout the country as a rule, which is called “selecting the virtuous and the upright”. Huangfugui also signed up, and in the test paper called “countermeasures”, he publicly exposed the darkness of the imperial court and pointed the spearhead directly at Liang Ji. Therefore, although he was admitted, he was only appointed as a junior official called a doctor. Seeing that his lofty ambition could not be realized, huangfugui abandoned his official position and returned to his hometown. He set up a school of his own. He enrolled more than 300 students and devoted himself to cultivating talents for the country. He worked for 14 years.

In the first year of peace (150) of emperor Huan of the Han Dynasty, Empress Dowager Liang returned to the court and died of illness. Emperor Huan soon made up his mind to get rid of the political cancer of the joint dictatorship of relatives and eunuchs represented by Liang and Ji. In the second year of Yanxi’s reign (159), huangfugui was reappointed by the imperial court as the Taishan (now Tai’an, Shandong) prefect. In the winter of the fourth year of Yanxi’s reign (161), the fire of the Qiang people’s uprising spread in the northwest. Duan, the captain protecting the Qiang school, had a bad start. After the uprising army captured and occupied the two prefectures (now Taiyuan, Shanxi Province) and Liang (now Wuwei, Gansu Province), it hit the capital and the surrounding areas. The imperial court was very frightened. The three princes unanimously elected huangfugui as the commander of the Zhonglang army, supervised the troops and horses in Kansai and commanded the battle against the Qiang people. However, he did not follow the old method of army suppression and killing used by the “main war factions” to deal with the Qiang people, but adopted the method of “appeasement”, and soon subdued the Qiang people, making the northwest region stable again. He himself was promoted to general Du Liao. In the first year of Yongkang (167), Huangfu GUI was recalled to the capital and promoted to the position of minister. Once in office, Shangshu wanted to defend and rehabilitate the people who were imprisoned by the party. However, Emperor Huan did not accept his opinion and transferred him out of the capital. He first served as the prefect of Hongnong (now Henan Lingbao) and then as the captain of protecting Qiang. In the third year of Xiping (174), Huangfu GUI died of illness in Gucheng (today’s yindong’e Town, Dongping mountain). Before his death, he was granted the Marquis of Shoucheng Pavilion.

Huangfu ruled his life and did not advocate the use of force against the people. He once wrote that the monarch was a boat, the people were water, the civil and military officials were all boat riders, and the officers and men were rowers. Only by working together can the ship be stable and safe. Otherwise, the ship will sink and everyone will be drowned. His thought of the dialectical relationship between water and ship has a far-reaching impact and has great educational significance for the ruling classes of previous dynasties.

Huangfu GUI was devoted to martial arts and learning all his life. He not only managed the border areas well, but also was as famous as the famous generals zhang huan (the word ran Ming) and Duan Yi (the word Ji Ming). He was praised by historians as the “three Ming in Xizhou”. In addition, he loved talents and was good at writing. He wrote about 27 pieces of literary works, such as Fu, Ming, stele, praise, hanging, chapter, table, teaching order, book, Xi, Jian Ji, etc. He also compiled Huangfu Guiji (lost), and now only 12 works remain, which were compiled into eryoutang series by later generations.

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