In the decades of development of Sunwu, the time when Sun Quan and Sun Liang replaced their father and son, although it was very temporary, in terms of its influence, it was a very critical and important period in the history of Sunwu. Before Sun Quan’s death, Zhu Geke was Sun Liang’s chief assistant minister, hoping that he could stabilize both inside and outside the country and continue his national legacy. Strictly implement political reform, carry out a large-scale Northern Expedition, internally want to strengthen their own power, and externally show prestige. But the result was the death of his master, and the rule of Sunwu also entered the path of decline, which became the turning point of the change of Sunwu’s governance of chaos. However, there are few in-depth discussions on relevant issues, such as the motivation, influence and deep-seated reasons for the failure of zhugeke’s reform and Northern Expedition. In view of this, I don’t think so. Through the analysis of specific historical facts and combined with the comments of historians of previous dynasties, I will make a special investigation on this issue. Please correct any improper points. 1? Internal affairs reform and Northern Expedition activities presided over by Zhu Geke
Zhuge Ke (203-253) was a native of Langxie Yangdu, and his father Zhuge Jin avoided disasters to Jiangdong in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. Jin was the brother of Zhugeliang, the Prime Minister of Shu Han. Zhuge Ke, the eldest son of Jin, shouldered the important task of family inheritance. Volume 52 of the annals of the Three Kingdoms, Wu Shu · biography of Zhuge Jin, recorded that Ke “was famous at that time, and (sun) had deep power and different tools”. “Wu Shu · biography of Zhuge Ke”, volume 64 of the annals of the Three Kingdoms, contains that Ke is “less well-known”, and notes and quotes “biography of Jiang Biao”: “Ke is less talented and famous, and has different ideas. Debate should be opportune, and don’t be opposite. Power is strange, and it is said that Jin said: & \8217; Lantian jade is true. & \8217;” It can be seen that Zhuge Ke was famous for his talent since he was young, and he was quick to respond and good at words. Sun Quan rewarded Aike with this, cultivated him politically and militarily, gave him opportunities to improve his development, and made him an outstanding figure among the underachievers living in the overseas Chinese residence of Sun Wu.
Sun Quan made constant mistakes in internal affairs in the middle and late period. Since the first year of Huang Wu (222), when he claimed the title of King Wu, especially in the first year of Huang Long, he became increasingly arrogant and repeatedly launched a political struggle aimed at attacking Confucian scholars and doctors. The most serious harm was the “two palace structure” directed by him during the chiwu period. He not only took the opportunity to persecute Lu Xun and other representatives of the Jiangdong ethnic group to death, but also abolished the crown prince, sun he, and executed sun Ba, king of Lu, It caused fierce disputes within the ruling group. In the first year of Taiyuan (251), Sun Quan was seriously ill. He began to arrange personnel to assist the nine year old crown prince Sun Liang, and Zhuge Ke was appointed as the first assistant. Volume 48 of the annals of the Three Kingdoms “Wu Shu, the third heir Lord, biography of Sun Liang”: in the winter of the first year of the Taiyuan era, “when the right to sleep was ill, Zhuge Ke, the great general, was recruited as the crown prince’s Taifu, Teng Yin, the governor of Kuaiji, was appointed as Taichang, and was ordered to assist the crown prince. In April next year, when the right to Hong, the crown prince was honored, pardoned, and changed.” Volume 64 of the annals of the Three Kingdoms contains: “the power is not Yu, and the crown prince is less, but Zheng que leads the crown prince and the crown Fu with a general, and the Chinese book orders Sun Hong to lead the young Fu. The power is in trouble, and Zhao que, Hong and Taichang tengyin, general LV Ju, and Sun Jun in the middle of the imperial court are later matters.”
The right to sleep ill, discuss the entrusted. At that time, the courtiers all paid attention to Ke, while Sun Jun, as a deputy, could do great things. Power is too headstrong to be an official at this time, so it is imperative to protect it. Later, leading Ke and others to see lying inside, under the imperial edict bed, the imperial edict said, “I’m sick and sleepy, I’m afraid I won’t see each other again, and everything will be entrusted with each other.” With tears in his eyes, he said, “all the ministers have received great kindness. They should obey the edict with death. May your majesty calm down, lose consideration, and have no foreign affairs in mind.” The imperial edict has a division, and everything is unified in scrupulous, but the major events of life and death are then heard.
Under the background that the representatives of the Confucian clan in Jiangdong suffered many misfortunes and the scholars and bureaucrats living in overseas Chinese passed away one after another, zhugeke became the backbone of the Sun Wu regime and was worshipped by figures from the north and the south. The so-called “all courtiers pay attention to scrupulousness” and “none of today’s courtiers can reach” all illustrate this point.
However, the long-term leadership of the place, the ruling dynasty, the lack of reputation, the power base is very weak. Sun Quan saw this, and Gute “decreed that there was a division to unify everything, but only the major events of life and death, and then heard”. But as soon as Sun Quan died, there was a crisis within the auxiliary political group. Sun Hong, the bodyguard, schemed not to lose his life. He wanted to correct the imperial edict and Zhuke. Only with Sun Jun’s help did he kill Sun Hong and keep his power. This made Ke deeply disturbed, According to the biography of Wu Shu Zhu Ge Ke in volume 64 of the annals of the Three Kingdoms, he wrote a letter to his younger brother Zhu Ge Rong who was stationed in the Public Security Bureau and said, “I take care of my life. I am the assistant prime minister and the young master. I steal from coydu. I am not bo Lu but entrusted by Ji Gong to defeat the plan. I am afraid of the effect of the prime minister and the Han, and I am afraid of damaging the Ming of the emperor’s entrustment. I am afraid of all things. Moreover, the people hate it. When is it easy to see it? Now, with a stubborn posture, it is more difficult to protect the position of Fu. How intelligent is it? Who is the lips and teeth with a heavy and shallow responsibility?” His fear and anxiety came to an end. In fact, Lu Dai was deeply worried about Ke Zhi’s admission to Beijing to assist in politics. The biography of Ke Ben in the annals of the Three Kingdoms quoted Yu Xi in Zhilin: “when the initial power was sick, he called Ke Ke to assist in politics. Before leaving, the great Si Ma Lu Dai said: &\8217; the world is difficult, and I must think about everything. &\8217;” Ke thought that the sage said “think before you act” and “think again”. Why should I be blamed for “ten thoughts”? As a result, many people laughed at Dai’s ignorance and didn’t understand his reminder at all. No wonder Yu Xi commented, “this yuan Xun’s ignorance is not the same as the machine God.” However, after the establishment of the owner’s government, he felt deeply that the situation was complex and difficult to control, so he was in a state of fear.
How to consolidate their ruling position? Zhu geque first took some political reform measures to abolish Sun Quan’s cruel and corrupt policies. According to the biography of the annals of the Three Kingdoms and the book of Wu, Sun Quan had made political reforms before his death, “all officials bow to the ceremony of bowing and bowing, and each has its own description. If there is any inconvenience in the laws, the regulations are heard, and the right to listen to them. People at home and abroad are happy.” This is to adjust the harsh situation of legal prohibition since the middle and late period of Sun Quan’s rule, in order to win the hearts of the people. After Sun Quan’s death, Ke “quit seeing and hearing, quit the school officials, and accept the original responsibility. In addition to tariffs, people are not unhappy about the favor. Every time Ke goes in and out, people’s necks lengthen, thinking about their situation.” The so-called “stop seeing and hearing, and stop school officials” is to abolish the “school affairs” system hated by the literati and officialdom society, while the “original responsibility, in addition to tariffs” is mainly to ease the exploitation of the people, conform to the broad social aspirations of Sun Wu, and win deep support, so “no one is unhappy”. In addition, he also paid attention to regulating the relations within the ruling group. According to the records in Volume 59 of the annals of the Three Kingdoms, Sun Quan’s fifth son, king Qi, lived in Wuchang. “Quan Hong, the Taifu Zhuge Ke didn’t want the kings to be in the land of soldiers and horses by the river and move to Henan. He was angry, didn’t obey orders, and counted the more laws.” Scrupulously wrote a Book reiterating the meaning of Confucian respect and inferiority and the prohibitions of laws and regulations, criticizing Fen’s evil deeds of “violating imperial edicts and systems more often”, and accusing him of moving out of the military town of Wuchang. Zhu Geke’s move is very firm, with the purpose of consolidating his position. Not only that, Zhuge Ke even had the intention to move the capital. According to Wu Lu quoted in the notes of the annals of the Three Kingdoms, Wu Shu, Sun Liang Zhuan, “ZHUGE Ke had the intention to move the capital and build Wuchang palace.” “Annals of the Three Kingdoms · Wu Shu · biography of sun he” also contains: “Ke has the intention of moving the capital, so that he can govern Wuchang palace.” “Biography of Sun Liang” also contains the disaster situation of Wuchang Duanmen and inner hall, a new work by Ke in winter and December of the first year of Jianxing (253). Moving the capital is a national event. Why did you think of moving the capital after being in power for a long time? I’m afraid Jianye is mainly the headquarters of the Sunwu royal family and other vested interest groups. It is not only very difficult to reform, but also its own status is often impacted. It can be said that zhugeque, as Sun Liang’s first assistant, was in a difficult situation. At that time, the insightful politicians knew this. Indeed, Ke was careless, and it was previously unknown that the political situation of Jianye was complex. Once in power, he wanted to improve his reputation through political reform. There was heavy resistance, but he had no choice but to move the capital. However, this matter has a great impact, involving all aspects, and it is difficult to implement.
It was impossible to move the capital. Zhu geque launched the northern expedition against the Cao Wei Dynasty, hoping to improve his reputation and strengthen his power by establishing military achievements. There were two northern expeditions. The first time was in October of the first year of Jianxing (252), Ke led 40000 troops and gathered in Dongxing (now the southeast of Chaohu, Anhui Province). Due to the mountain, two docks were built to consolidate the city defense, and thousands of people were left to hold on to each dock to prepare for the northern expedition. In December, Cao Wei sent 70000 troops to attack the fortress, trying to destroy the Dongxing dike. Ke commanded wisely. It was cold and snowy at that time. The Wei army surrounded the city with few Wu soldiers. He didn’t care. Zhu Geke commanded the army to raid the Wei army. The biography of the annals of the Three Kingdoms contained: “the Wei army was disturbed and scattered, strived to cross the pontoon bridge, the bridge was broken, and threw itself into the water. At the same time, Huan Jia, the governor of Le’an, and others did not disappear, and tens of thousands of people died. Thousands of cattle, horses, donkeys and mules were taken by the car, and the capital was accumulated, and the journey was returned.” The battle of Dongxing was a complete victory. Ke returned to the division, ascended to the position of Yang Duhou, and supervised the military affairs of China and foreign countries in Jiajing and Yang prefectures. In this way, Ke would integrate the military and political power of Sun Wu. If the scrupulous use of troops ends here and turns to further deepen the internal affairs reform and coordinate the relations between all parties, this is indeed a good opportunity. Unfortunately, zhugeque did not do so. After winning, he meant to underestimate the enemy. In the spring of the second year, “Fu Yu wanted to leave the army”, and sent people to contact Jiang Wei, a general of Shuhan, to jointly attack Wei from east to west. Zhugeke’s military action aroused strong opposition from Sun Wu. According to the biography of Ke Ben in the annals of the Three Kingdoms, Ke “so the disobedient people went out of the army, and 200000 people in the state and county were in a great uproar, and the people began to lose their hearts.” Adhering to the principle of “driving away the people”, the generals wanted to show off the power of Huainan, but they asked to retreat and attack the new city, “Follow his plan, return to the army and surround the new city. Attack and defend for months, and the city will not be pulled out. Soldiers are tired, and most of the patients are swollen due to drinking water in the summer. Most of the patients are dead and injured on the ground. Camp officials say that there are many white patients, and he believes that fraud, and he wants to cut them, so he dare not speak. He only misses his plan, but he is ashamed of the city, and he is angry. General Zhu Yi has something wrong, and he is angry, and he seizes his soldiers. Captain Cailin counts Chen Junji, and he can’t use it, and drives his horse to Wei. Wei knows that the soldiers have quit their disease, but he enters reinforcements. Lead the army away. Soldiers and soldiers are injured, dragging the road, or stumbling in pits and gullies, or seeing a little gain, suffering from survival and death, and crying big and small. ” So far, the second northern expedition was in vain and completely failed. For such a huge disaster, Ke unexpectedly didn’t take it seriously, and didn’t seriously reflect, “Yan Ran was calm”, “he lived in Jiangzhu for a month, and began to land in Xunyang”, trying to revive the Northern Expedition again, and the imperial edict held the title of “Xu Naixuan Division” as a last resort. In August, Ke returned to Jianye, “as a result, the masses were disappointed, and the resentment of the rise”, and his reputation in power fell to the lowest point. Even so, Ke still didn’t give up, “change the Suwei, use its closeness, resume the imperial edict, and want to go to Qing and Xu”. In response to this situation, Sun Jun, the representative of the sun clan, and others, after careful planning, took advantage of Zhu geque’s opportunity to see Sun Liang and assassinated him. Ke’s son, Jian, and his nephew Zhang Zhen, Chang Shi Zhu en were killed at the same time, all of which were from three ethnic groups. His brother Rong stationed outside, Jun also sent someone to arrest, Rong drank medicine and died, and his three sons were all killed. In this way, zhugeke’s dictatorship ended in failure.
2? Reasons for the failure of zhugeke’s Northern Expedition
It can be seen from the above that Zhuge Ke, as the first auxiliary of Sun Liang, was eager to launch a military attack on the Wei Dynasty after trying to improve his reputation through political reform, which resulted in a disastrous failure and directly led to the destruction of his family. Why is this so? Careful analysis shows that there are both specific military reasons and potential political reasons. The following is a brief examination and analysis of this, and from this perspective, we can see the inside story and secret of Sun Wu politics.
First of all, zhugeke made fatal mistakes in the Northern Expedition strategy. His first victory in the East made him feel that the Wei Dynasty was not afraid. He thought Sima’s arbitrary power and fierce political struggle could take advantage of it. His letter to Jiang Wei, the general of Shu, clearly expressed his views. The notes in the annals of the Three Kingdoms, Wu Shu, Zhuge Ke Zhuan, quoted from the spring and Autumn Annals of Han, Jin Dynasties, said:
The envoy Sima Liheng went to Shu to say Jiang Wei, and ordered the same lift, saying: “the ancients said that saints can’t last and can’t be lost until now. Now the enemy’s government is in private doors, the enemy’s government is separated from the outside and the enemy’s troops are defeated outside, and the people’s resentment is in the inside. Since Cao Cao, the death form of that has not been seen since today. If it is attacked in a large scale, the Wu will attack its East, and the Han will enter its west. If it saves the west, it will be empty in the East, and if it is heavy in the East, it will be light in the West. With a solid army, it will be necessary to break the enemy by taking advantage of Follow it.
In order to persuade the Minister of civil and military affairs, Sun Wu wrote a special book and expressed his attitude. According to the biography of the annals of the Three Kingdoms, Ke thought that although the Cao Wei period was vast, But “today, therefore, we can fight against it, but with (CAO) The soldiers are at their best at this time, and the latter are not aware of growing up, which is the time when thieves are in decline. Jiasi Ma Yi first killed Wang Ling, and then died. His son was young and weak, and he was dedicated to that great task. Although there were wise people, he could not use it. Today’s cutting is its misfortune. Saints are eager to go with the times, and honesty is today. If you follow the feelings of everyone and have a plan to steal safety, and think that the danger of the Yangtze River can be handed down, regardless of the beginning and end of Wei Dynasty, today is light, so I sigh for a long time. Today, I heard that people may be poor and want to be idle. I don’t know the great danger, and I love those who work hard. Every time I look at Jing Han and say that Gongsun Shu is trying to make progress, I can see my uncle’s plan to compete with the thief, and I can’t help sighing. ” In this way, “everyone will adhere to this theory, but no one dares to make it difficult.”. This theory can be described as the declaration of the northern expedition. However, from the actual situation, there is no practical military strategy and tactical deployment except for emotional words. His estimation of Sima’s dictatorship in Cao Wei was completely wrong. For example, Sima Yi died, and the sons were young and weak. Therefore, the northern expedition was just its judgment of “misfortune”. In fact, Sima Shi and Sima Zhao brothers firmly controlled the overall military and political situation of the Cao Wei Dynasty. With the power of Sun Wu, they may succeed in the northern expedition, but on the whole, they are bound to fail, which is determined by the strength comparison between the two sides. The art of war says, “know yourself and know your enemy, and you will be invincible in a hundred battles”. But when you devote the whole country to the large-scale Northern Expedition, you are so ignorant of the situation of Cao Wei, which is bound to make a big strategic mistake. Secondly, zhugeke did not have a careful plan and steps in the tactical arrangement of the northern expedition. It is a strategic risk to send 200000 troops. How is it deployed tactically? For a mature commander, he must consider the marching route, attack targets, advance and retreat time, military supplies, climate change, etc., and make corresponding countermeasures. But in fact, Zhuge Ke did not have a specific and detailed tactical arrangement, nor even a clear target of attack. According to the biography of the annals of the Three Kingdoms, “Ke intended to win over Huainan and drive away the people, and the generals may say it difficult: &\8217; now that the army is led deep, the people in the battlefield will lead far away, fear the soldiers and work less, it is better to surround the new city. If the new city is trapped, the rescue will come, and if you plan for it, you can gain a lot. &\8217; strictly follow its plan, return to the army and surround the new city.” It can be seen that Ke originally wanted to lead the troops into Huainan and fight a decisive battle with the Cao Wei army. The generals were afraid of the annihilation of the whole army, so they suggested to return to the army and besiege the new city in the north of the river. It can be seen that Ke had no plans and arrangements for the Northern Expedition strategy, and would be at a loss in case of emergencies or changes. According to the book of Wu, biography of Teng Yin, volume 64 of the annals of the Three Kingdoms, Ke answered Yin’s admonition to resist the Northern Expedition and said, “those who cannot see the clouds, do not see calculation, and those who live in peace, but the son again thinks so, what do I expect? Cao Fang is secretly inferior, the government is in the private sector, and his subjects are inherently centrifugal. Now, because of the capital of the country, by the power of victory, where can I go!” But in fact, he was not ready. Historians of all dynasties have commented on Zhu Geke’s recklessness in strategy and tactics.
Ye Shi of Song Dynasty pointed out in Volume II and VIII of the preface to learning notes:
Zhugeke first attacked the mountains and then built Dongxing. His efficacy cannot be concealed. However, if you push this and then want to implement the grand plan in the world, you will overthrow the establishment of the sect and humiliate its country. If you can’t follow it, the plan in the world will have its own shape, not based on things, scrupulous wisdom is not enough to know it, and considering the near and far, of course. However, at that time, it was argued that if an apprentice could destroy his failure, he would have nothing to gain.
Hu Sansheng said in volume 76 of the general review:
I don’t want to leave descendants with thieves. I don’t know how his self-esteem and uncle are bright! Kong Minglei left the army to attack the Wei Dynasty. Every word about the land of a state is not enough to support the thieves for a long time. He died without success and lost his ambition. Scrupulously using his people without knowing his talents is not only not enough to strengthen Wu, but also enough to destroy his body and family.
He Zhuo also commented on the article “annals of the Three Kingdoms, Wu Shu, biography of Zhuge Ke” in Volume II VIII of Yimen Reading Records:
Yuan Xun but knew that Zhongwu often left the army, instead of regulating its farming and valley cultivation, closed the customs and rest the people. Three years later, he marched south, returned the army, and accumulated strength for another year. It was tunhanzhong, and he began to attack Qishan ear next year. Evil is in a victory, the master is less suspicious of the country, and the public sentiment is not one. Is there a sudden attempt to lift it lightly? It’s a service, although it conquers the new city, it’s inevitable to return to the general. Besides, disobedient people play with bandits, set themselves on fire, fight against Ma Su, and don’t ask to demote the third class. Xie Chuangyi’s people, who share the same and different words, are more thoughtful and creative. The more dignified they are, the more powerful they are, the more powerful they are, the more powerful they are, the more powerful they are, the more powerful they are, the more they are, the more they are, the more they are, the more they are, the more they are, the more they are.
He Zhuo even doubted his determination to adhere to the Northern Expedition:
If it is not enough to drive the people and the military border, but to choose the governor and serve the interests, why send 200000 people? Now, both on a large scale and confused by the words of the generals, the troops under the strong city are so great that they have no solution.
All of the above have pointed out that Zhuge Ke’s lack of preparation for the northern expedition, “considering the near and seeking the far”, violated the “stereotype” of the strength of the northern and southern regimes, and was bound to suffer retribution for failure.
The reason why Zhu Geke was so confused about the northern expedition, which related to his own honor or disgrace and even the fate of his country, was related to his mentality and motivation. He was eager to establish prestige and consolidate his authoritarian position through foreign war, which led him to make a wrong analysis of the situation and make wrong judgments and decisions. The so-called profit blinding, this is also called. In addition, this has something to do with zhugeke’s character. Ke is an elite figure of the new generation of overseas Chinese living in Sun Wu. Sun Quan has made great efforts to cultivate him since Huang Wu. Ke is known for his quick thinking, but his talent is mainly manifested in the difficulty of oral argument. In actual military and political affairs, Ke shows the weakness of frivolity, carelessness and flashiness. In this regard, my father zhugejin was very worried, and insisted that “at that time, when fame was prosperous, (sun) had deep power and different tools; however, Jin often disliked it, saying that it was not the son of the family, and every time he was sad.” When Ke was young, he really didn’t like practice. According to the biography of the annals of the Three Kingdoms, Ke’s talent and quick thinking, “(sun) has very different rights. He wants to try to do things and make him abide by discipline. Discipline is in charge of the grain of the army, and the documents are obscene, which is not its good.” Uncle Ke Liang, the Prime Minister of Shu, was also worried about this. According to Jiang Biao Zhuan cited in the commentary of Ke Ben Zhuan, Ke was appointed as a frugal official to make the code take charge of military grain. Zhugeliang heard of it, and the book said to Lu Xun: “my brother is old, and Ke Xing is sparse. Now, the code is the main grain grain, and the grain army is the most important. Although the servant is far away, it is uneasy to steal it. The next step is to enlighten the Supreme Master.” Power then “turns to be the leader”. Sun Quan arranged Zhuge Ke and other talented men to assist sun Deng, the crown prince. At that time, some of Donggong’s colleagues commented that Ke was “talented but sparse” =, which seems not to be personal gratitude and resentment, which can be called comment. In the actual military affairs, Ke did expose the defects in this aspect, which was in sharp contrast to the land resistance of general luxunzi of Wujun. Volume 58 of the annals of the Three Kingdoms “Wu Shu Lu Xun Zhuan’s adjunct son Kangchuan”, in the ninth year of chiwu, Sun Quan ordered Zhuge Ke to exchange garrison sites with Lu Kang, and resist the imminent departure. He tidied up the inside and outside of the garrison, “don’t lose rashly”, and when he entered the garrison, he felt “as if it were new”, while Ke’s reason for tunchaisang was “quite damaged and deeply ashamed”. Kang came from a Confucian family, and has been engaged in the military for generations. He is strict and meticulous, which reflects Zhuge Ke’s carelessness.
Thirdly, Ke Zhi’s northern expedition was opposed by civil and military officials, but Ke was headstrong and ignored at all. This makes Ke Zhi’s Northern Expedition unable to get full internal support, and even disputes will occur at the critical moment to speed up its failure. In the second year of Jianxing (253), Ke “resumed his desire to leave the army”, and immediately encountered fierce opposition: “the ministers thought that counting out the labor, and resigned to admonish Ke, but Ke did not listen. Jiang Yan, the doctor of zhongsan, helped out with a solid struggle.” The so-called “ministers” include the main members of their auxiliary political group. However, he was “headstrong” and took a rude way to expel ordinary Admonishers. There is no clear history of what words Jiang Yan admonished, while the admonition words of NieYou, the governor of Dan Yang, and tengyin, too often, are very detailed. According to the biography, nieyousu and Keshan, the Grand Admiral of Dan Yang, wrote an admonition and said, “the emperor of Daxing originally had a plan to curb the East pass, but the plan was not implemented. Now the public praises the great cause and becomes the ambition of the former Emperor. Kou yuan sent it by himself. The officers and soldiers work hard by virtue of Lai Weide’s birth. Once they have extraordinary achievements, is it not the blessing and evil of the temple gods and the country? It is appropriate to raise the sharp soldiers in the case and watch the fight. Now, taking advantage of this trend, they want to recover, but the time is not right. And if they do so, they feel uneasy for themselves.” After scrupulously discussing the topic, he answered his friends for the book: “although there is a natural reason, there is no big number. If you are familiar with this theory, you can be enlightened.”
Before Ke’s Northern Expedition, another persuader was Teng Yin, a core member of Gu Ming group. Yin and Ke were both representatives of overseas Chinese and scholars, and their children were in laws, so they had a very friendly relationship. He must be aware of the seriousness of the problem by discouraging Ke. Annals of the Three Kingdoms, Wu Shu, biography of tengyin:
After learning that all the people attacked Wei, Yin jianque said, “when you were in mourning, you were entrusted by Iraq and Huo to enter AnBen Dynasty and destroy strong enemies. The world was shaken. The heart of the surname of Wan hoped to be rested by you. Now after you have worked hard, you set up your army to fight, the people are tired and bent, and the far Lord is prepared. If you can’t conquer the city, you will be punished after you have worked hard before you lose. It’s better to stop your army before you lose your life, and watch the gap. And the soldiers have great things, and the people will help you. If you are unhappy, you will be alone?”
Nie you and Teng Yin both suggested to strictly coordinate internal relations and pay attention to people’s livelihood, “the case is a division, and the view gap moves”. Teng Yin advised Ke that “everyone is unhappy, and you are alone in peace”. In fact, he warned him that few people in the ruling group supported him, but Zhu Geke ignored it.
During the war, the soldiers also had many suggestions. If they could be properly adopted and withdraw in time, the losses would also be reduced. After besieging the new city for several months, “all camp officials said that many people were white and sick, and they believed that they were cheating. If they wanted to cut them, they would dare not speak.” General Zhu Yi “had some right and wrong, was furious, and immediately seized his soldiers. Lieutenant Cai Lin counted Chen Junji, but he couldn’t use it, and drove his horse to Wei.” In the face of military difficulties, Ke was even more angry and refused all reasonable suggestions. He could only sink deeper and deeper in the quagmire of failure and could not extricate himself. Chen Shou’s biography of Volume VI of the annals of the three kingdoms also goes like this: “ZHUGE Ke’s talent and resourcefulness, as the people of the country call it, are arrogant and stingy, and the Duke of Zhou has no outlook. What’s more, he is proud of his own people, and he can be invincible!”
In particular, it should be emphasized that on the front line of the northern expedition, the most intense confrontation with Zhu Geke was Jiangdong military figures, such as General Zhu Yi. Zhu Yi came from the Zhu family, one of the “four surnames” in Wu County, and was the representative of Jiangdong’s local big family. At the critical moment, he “had some right and wrong”, which should be against the siege of the new city and put forward his own military ideas. In this regard, Volume 56 of the annals of the Three Kingdoms, Wu Shu · Zhu Huan’s biography of Fu Zi Yi Zhuan, is annotated and quoted from Wu Shu, which is very detailed:
Different and with Zhuge Ke surrounded the new city, the city will not be pulled out. Different and so on all say that it is appropriate to return Yuzhang quickly and attack the stone city, but it will be pulled out in a few days. Ke Xiaoyi wrote a book to the ground and said, “don’t use my plan, but use my son’s words!” In great anger, he took his soldiers and returned them to Jianye. Zhu Yi’s attitude had a great impact on other soldiers.
In fact, zhugeke and Jiangdong military generals have always had contradictions. According to the same book “biography of Zhu ran with biography of Shi Ji”, Shi Ji, a Danyang man, was a general of Sun Wu, Zhu ranzi, but a sister of Zhu Zhi. His surname was Shi, and Ji’s duplicate surname was. Ji led the upper class, and he was at odds with Zhuge Ke’s brother. Ji had fought with the Wei army attacking Jiangling, and Rong promised to cooperate with Shi Ji without leaving the division, resulting in the great defeat of Ji Shi. Although Rong’s fault was serious, he was protected by his brother Ke and was not abandoned. Not only that, Ke resented Shi Ji and looked for opportunities to retaliate: “the gap between the initial achievements and Ke, Rong inequality, and this incident was very beneficial. In the first year of the founding of the people’s Republic of China, general Zhendong was moved. In the spring of the second year, Ke Xiang to the new city, asked for both achievements, and left banzhou, so that Rong held both his duties. In winter, Ke and Rong were killed, and the achievements were restored to the happy city and holiday.” It can be seen that Ke followed the northern expedition with his achievements, deprived him of the important task of the upper class, and handed him over to Zhu Ge Rong. This is actually using the northern expedition to fight against dissidents. In this way, Shi Ji and others will inevitably deal with or even seek opportunities to destroy Ke’s Northern Expedition. Later, Sun Jun used his achievements to kill Zhuge Ke and sent him to arrest Zhuge Rong. The reason why Sun Jun dared to attack Zhuge Ke was that it was “the people’s resentment and the people’s disgust”. The so-called “people” and “people” were mainly local scholars and people in Jiangdong.
From the above, it can be seen that the Confucian scholars and doctors, military generals, and even the “common people” and “common people” in the lower level of the Sun Wu ruling group all violently protested zhugeke’s Northern Expedition, which has deeper reasons. In the process of the founding of Sun Wu, sun CE and Sun Quan both implemented the military strategy based on Jiangdong: from Jiangdong to Jingzhou, Yili, and Zhongyuan. In actual military activities, from the beginning of Jian’an to the beginning of Huang Wu, the sun brothers mainly relied on huaisiwu generals to conquer the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Since then, with the continuous “jiangdonghua” of the Sun Wu regime, since Huang Wu, representatives of the Jiangdong ethnic group, such as Lu Xun and Gu Yong, have clearly advocated the protection of the territory and the people and opposed the large-scale operation of the north, while the political and military attitudes of the overseas Chinese Confucian doctors represented by Zhang Zhao are basically the same as those of the local ethnic groups in Jiangdong. Under this background, Sun Quan established and adhered to the national policy of “limiting the river and protecting itself”. However, Zhuge Ke broke this national policy and went on an expeditionary expedition, which will inevitably cause the opposition of the Jiangdong clan, otherwise serious war disasters will inevitably fall on them. The former cited Ke to send troops, “the people’s commotion began to lose their hearts”, and after Ke’s defeat, “the common people were disappointed, but they resented the rise of aggression”, all of which illustrate this point. In this regard, people of insight in the Wei Dynasty and the Shu Han Dynasty saw it clearly. According to the book of Wei, biography of Deng AI in Volume II VIII of the annals of the Three Kingdoms, Deng AI said to Sima Shi:
Sun Quan is gone, the minister is not attached, and the Wu mingzong clan has a script, which is enough to build a life. Scrupulously adhere to the new state policy, without its owner, and do not want to comfort the upper and lower levels in order to establish a foundation. Unexpectedly, in foreign affairs, abuse its people, learn about the people of the country, and land in a strong city. Thousands of dead people return with disasters. This is also the day of scrupulous guilt. In the past, Zixu, Wuqi, Shang Yang and Leyi all saw Zuo Shijun, and the Lord failed without him. Kuang Ke is not the four sages. If he doesn’t worry about it, he can wait for his death.
Zhuge Ke should change Sun Quan’s situation of “killing, rewarding and punishing, and not letting others down” and strive for the support of “famous Clans” in order to stabilize the “foundation”, otherwise, “his death can be waited for”. Zhang Dunyi of Song Dynasty made profound comments on this. He pointed out in the “conservative Six Dynasties” article of the “general narrative gate” in Volume I of the “deeds of the Six Dynasties”, that Sun Quan actually had the ambition of the world in his heart, “However, he did not try to show off in China? From the perspective of later generations, it was called timid, and power was not ashamed. Isn’t it the trend of the world? There was no gap to throw, and he fought against it and lost, and if he didn’t retreat and wait for the time? What is the wisdom of this power? And the successor established, Zhuge Ke was the government, first invaded the border to anger the enemy, and the war of Dongxing was successful, regardless of whether he could win, disobey the masses, and lost everything. Since Ke lost his body, and sun’s business was declining. Then the army of power did not act rashly, and the interests were great What is the result? ” Sun Quan was “conservative” and the country was safe, Zhuge Ke was enterprising and defeated, “the cause of the sun family declined”, which was determined by the founding strategy of Sun Wu and the attitude of Jiangdong regional society. From the above research, it can be seen that Zhu Geke, as an outstanding representative of the Underachievers in the overseas Chinese residence of Sun Wu, was appointed as the chief assistant minister of the young master Sun Liang before Sun Quan’s death. In order to consolidate this position and strengthen power, Zhu Geke was eager to establish prestige. At the beginning of his political assistance, he presided over some political reforms and once won wide praise from Sun Wu Shishu. Moreover, Ke also made a large-scale northern expedition. After winning the first battle in Jiangbei, Jianxing devoted the whole country to the northern expedition in two years, which caused fierce opposition within its auxiliary political group and other political forces, especially the protests of the local scholars in Jiangdong. Although he was quick witted, he was careless and headstrong, and it was difficult to listen to different opinions, so that his decision-making was wrong again and again, which violated the strategy and national policy of “limiting the river and protecting himself” gradually established by sun CE and Sun Quan brothers. Finally, he was defeated outside, and his politics died inside, harming his descendants. The lesson is very profound.