The so-called “anti bone” can only be said by novelists. Anatomy tells us that everyone has only 206 bones, and no one can grow a “anti bone” in the back of his head alone. Wei Yan’s so-called “rebellion” is actually an overreaction caused by many reasons, and there is no solid basis for rebellion.
Let’s take a look at the historical facts first. According to the records in the annals of the Three Kingdoms, Shu Shu Shu, Wei Yan Zhuan, Zhugeliang felt that he would soon die in the army, so he called the long history Yang Yi, Sima Feifan, and Jiang Wei, the escort, behind Wei Yan’s back to arrange the afterlife, and decided to “make Wei Yan die, Jiang Wei take the second place, and if Yan did not comply, the army would be spontaneous”. The spirit of the document is required to reach “military level cadres”, but Wei Yan, a “military level cadre”, is excluded for no reason; Such a violation of organizational principles has been quite inappropriate to arrange the aftermath. It happened that such a wrong decision could not stand deliberation was made, and the person who came to implement the wrong decision was the wrong person.
Yang Yi and Wei Yan, similar to Chao CuO and Yuan ang, are natural enemies. The two “hate each other, and every time they sit and argue”, Wei yanzhuan directly describes them as “like water and fire”. Such a political enemy suddenly came out to preside over the big plan, and Wei Yan refused to obey the scheduling without knowing the truth, which can be described as an instinctive reaction. Hearing the spirit of the document conveyed by Fei Yi, he almost jumped up: “although the prime minister is dead, I see it myself. The pro government officials can return the funeral to the funeral. I should lead the troops to attack the thieves. Why is it that one person’s death is evil to abolish the world? And who in Wei Yan should be led by Yang Yi as the general after the end!”
The first half of this passage is awe inspiring, which means that although the prime minister died of illness, I still have my own opinion. Relatives and accompanying officials can escort his body back to bury. I can lead the Ministry to continue to complete the northern expedition. I can’t give up the established national policy just because the prime minister died. At the critical moment when the building is about to collapse, it should be said that it is very rare for someone to come out to make such a statement. It always reminds me of Zhugeliang’s original “when he was appointed to defeat the army, he was ordered to be in danger”. Zhugeliang could “devote himself to the cause of Shuhan and die later”. He probably didn’t want to give up the Northern Expedition because of his own death. At least Wei Yan’s spirit is commendable, right?
The latter part really can’t stand scrutiny. The suspicion of being motivated, regardless of the overall situation, and failing to live up to the organization’s training is not commensurate with his status, but if everyone knows who Yang Yi is, it will probably be understandable. When Ma Dai returned to Wei Yan’s head and handed over the order to Yang Yi, the latter got up and scolded angrily with his feet: “Yong slave, can you do evil again”, until he went back to the “Yi Yan three Clans”, and then his evil spirit disappeared. When everything was stable, he “thought he had made great contributions and was suitable for the contemporary Liang Dynasty to govern”. But he only became an official of the laoshizi “middle military division”, who “had nothing to command and was calm”, that is to say, he was just a idle job, and was actually hung up by the imperial court, so he was very angry, and unexpectedly said to Fei Fan: “when the prime minister died, if I raised the army to the Wei family, I would rather live in such a bad life! It is beyond regret.” It means that at that time, my military power was in hand. If I took a gun to the state of Wei, how could I only have such a small official? What a pity! If Wei Yan didn’t listen to the command and was suspected of asking for power and officials, Yang Yi was completely a naked careerist with a single mind to be a successor. When encountering such a person, let alone Wei Yan, even those with a better temper may not be able to listen. It is conceivable that if Zhugeliang didn’t hide the truth and told him the original idea, he would certainly not go to this extreme.
If divided by place of origin, Fei Yi and Wei Yan are still fellow townsmen, whether at that time or now. Fei Yi is from Yi county (now Luoshan County, Xinyang City, Henan Province). Like Yiyang, Yixian County belonged to Jiangxia County of Jingzhou at first, then Yiyang County of Jingzhou, and even the Yiyang state of the Western Jin Dynasty. Of course, Fei Yi would not discuss the relationship with Wei Yan at that time. It’s not the time. Because Wei Yan not only didn’t listen, but further asked Fei Yi to stay. The two men jointly ordered the generals below to continue to deal with the Wei army. It’s definitely not worth doing. He fooled Wei Yan and said, “I’ll go back and persuade Yang Yi. He’s a civil servant and doesn’t understand military affairs. He will certainly agree with you.”
As soon as Wei Yan let go, Fei Yi rushed out of the camp. It’s really a fellow townsman. When he meets a fellow townsman, his eyes are full of tears. Wei Yan regretted, but it was too late to catch up, so he had to take a chance and sent someone to Yang Yi quietly to check the situation, hoping that he could really agree with his own opinion, as Fei Yi said. However, on the contrary, he got the information that Yang Yi was already deploying to retreat, and he didn’t feel angry; So before Yang Yi set out, he led his troops to retreat first, burned the attic Road, and told Yang Yi to rebel. Yang Yi also exposed Wei Yan’s rebellion. Within one day, their watches were sent to the back desk at the same time. The lawsuit was strange and sudden. The empress asked Dong Yun, the Chamberlain, and Shi Jiangwan, the governor of the residence. Both of them suspected Wei Yan and believed Yang Yi.
Wei Yan burned the plank road to prevent the main force from retreating. He still wants to “lead troops to attack thieves”. However, the most troublesome process of building plank roads is to drill holes in the stone walls. Now the results of that process still exist. Yang Yi only needs to cut wood planks, so she soon withdrew across the Qinling Mountains. Bow without turning back. Once you get on the thief ship, don’t try to get off easily. Wei Yanxin made a horizontal move, and simply sent troops to occupy nangukou, ready to attack Yang Yi. Yang Yi sent Wang Ping, Ma Su’s deputy general during the war of Jieting, who was called He Ping in the biography of Wei Yan, because Wang Ping had succeeded He Jia in his childhood, to resist. Wei Yan’s followers knew that Wei Yan was wronged, and then dispersed. Wei Yan had no choice but to escape to Hanzhong with his son and confidants, and was finally chased and killed by Ma Dai.
In fact, Wei Yan’s so-called “rebellion” is the same as Liangshan hero’s “only against corrupt officials, not the court”, whose goal is only political enemy Yang Yi. However, the latter held Zhugeliang’s “Shangfang sword” and was the embodiment of justice at that moment, so his action was officially characterized as rebellion. This is not my saying good things for my fellow sages. There is a factual basis. According to Wei yanzhuan, “Yan Yi didn’t fall to Wei in the north but returned to Wei in the south, but he wanted to kill Yang Yi and so on. The generals were different in ordinary days, and the theory of Ji time must be replaced by Liang. This refers to this. It’s inconvenient to betray.” In other words, usually everyone talks together and thinks that Wei Yan will inherit the mantle of Zhugeliang in the future. Of course, Wei Yan is so self-confident, so he has no idea of rebellion at all.
In peisongzhi’s notes to the annals of the Three Kingdoms, there is even a further statement: “Wei Lue” Said: Zhugeliang’s disease is called delay and so on. After my death, but I am careful not to ask for it again. Let him postpone his affairs and go away secretly. Delay then hide and go to praise mouth is mourning. Yang Yisu, a long history of Liang Dynasty, was at odds with Yan. Seeing Yan’s military, he was afraid of being harmed. Zhang Yanyan wanted to attach himself to the north, so he led his people to attack Yan. Yanben didn’t have this intention. He didn’t fight the army and went after it and killed it. “
“Shi Tong, ancient and modern official history” records: “Wei Shijing Zhao Yu Huan privately wrote” Wei Lue “, which ended with the Ming emperor.” In other words, this book is a private history compiled by Yu Huan himself, not an official history book. Yu Huan had been in Jin for 16 years, and had never been an official. He was loyal to Wei and was ashamed to be a minister of Jin. He had no conflict of interests with Shu, and the records were generally objective. Therefore, peisongzhi’s annotation of the annals of the Three Kingdoms cited most is Wei Lue. Although peisongzhi believed that the above statement about Wei Yan, “as far as the rumors of the enemy country are concerned, it cannot compete with this biography for trial”, it can at least prove one point, that is, even at that time, some people did not believe that Wei Yan had wolf ambition, but some people suspected that Yang Yi was out of order.
If Wei Yan was really rebellious, the best time to rebel was not when Zhugeliang was newly killed and the surrounding armies gathered, but in the first year of Jianxing, that is, 223 A.D.
In that year, Cao Ren, a general of the state of Wei, died; Wu seems to be dead, beauty Qiao; Sun Quan started the construction of the Yellow Crane Tower for observation in Wuchang – “governing the country with martial arts and prospering” – while Shu hurried to build two scenic spots in today’s Wu Hou Temple in Chengdu: Han Huiling and Zhao lie temple. Because Liu Bei, who has just become emperor, has also come to the end of his life.
After the disastrous defeat of Guoting, Liu Bei fled back to Baidi city. He was stunned and fell ill. Before his death, he entrusted the state affairs to Zhugeliang and Li Yan. The new death of the Lord of the country made people unstable. In the summer of that year, Yong Kai immediately rioted in the south. The Yong family is a big surname in Yizhou, because its ancestor Yong Chi was once granted the title of Shifang marquis. The reason why Yongchi was granted the seal was that Liu Bang needed to establish a model, and he could accommodate the model of his enemy, so as to reassure the people.
After the world was settled, one day Liu Bang saw many ministers gathered together to discuss one after another, so he asked Zhang Liang what they were talking about. Zhang Liang said, “they are not enfeoffed for a long time and are discussing rebellion.” Liu Bang was surprised and asked what to do; Zhang Liang said, “who do you hate most?” Liu Bang said, “Yong Chi once betrayed me and surrendered to the Qin army. Of course, I hate him most.” Zhang Liang said, “if you can make Yong Chi Hou, then everyone will have a spectrum in their hearts and will not rebel.” So Liu Bang appointed Yongchi as the Marquis of Shifang, with 2500 households in Shiyi, ranking 57 for his contributions.
Yong Kai lived in Jianning (now Qujing, Yunnan) at that time. He caused chaos in the south, killed the Taishou Zhengang, sent people to contact the state of Wu, and was granted the title of Jianchang Taishou. In order to calm down the situation, Li Yan, another Minister of Tuogu, wrote a letter to Yong Kai, telling him what was wrong. Li Yan painstakingly wrote a full six pages of paper, but Yong Kai’s reply was only a few words: “I heard that there are no two days in the sky, and there are no two kings of scholars. Today, there are three pillars, and there are three zhengshuo, so people far away are confused and don’t know where to go.” His attitude is extremely arrogant. To say far away, it must be the state of Wu far away. It was only an expedient measure for Yong Kai to contact the state of Wu. The ultimate goal was to stand on his own feet far away from the emperor. Nevertheless, because of the instability of internal affairs, Zhugeliang did not immediately send troops and endured for two years. In AD 225, he “crossed Lu in May and went deep into Bumao”, calming Yong Kai and Meng Huo. Seven escapes and seven escapes were almost the pinnacle of Zhugeliang’s brilliant life, but in that year, the famous calligrapher Zhong you, the Taifu of the state of Wei, gave birth to a son named Zhong Hui. This person will witness the destruction of Zhugeliang’s career.
At that time, Wei Yan, as the prefect of Hanzhong, met the Wei army and held a heavy army. Such a good time is not against, the subsequent overreaction, can only be said to be forced by the situation, itself has no intention.
If it is only Meng Haoran’s sigh and complaint to say that “the failure to show talent and abandon it”, then “the failure to show talent and abandon it” is the common tragedy of Wei Yan and Zhugeliang. Because the real Wei Yan’s talent is quite outstanding.
Let’s first look at Wei Yan’s origin. According to Wei yanzhuan, he “followed his predecessor to Shu with his trilogy, made several military achievements, and moved to yamen general.” “Episode” was originally the name of the military establishment in the Han Dynasty. Generally speaking, the general or the colonel had five parts and ten songs under his jurisdiction. The original meaning of the episode was subordinate. Later, the meaning gradually changed. The saying in the “Tang law and commentary” is: “the episode is private ownership.” Therefore, Liang Qichao believed in “the history of Chinese culture · slavery” that “the episode came from joining in at the beginning, and mostly engaged in war. Until the Tang Dynasty, it became a Dalit, like a slave.” During the Wei, Jin and southern and Northern Dynasties, the episode generally refers to family soldiers and private soldiers. That is to say, Wei Yan is not a general of Changsha. He came from a humble background and followed Liu Bei into Sichuan as a “part”. Because of his military exploits, he was named an intermediate officer “yamen general”.
However, when Liu Bei became king in Hanzhong, Wei Yan was promoted by surprise: he supervised the general Zhenyuan in Hanzhong and led the prefect in Hanzhong. Liu Bei said, “the whole army is shocked.”. Because the strategic position of Hanzhong is too important.
How important is Hanzhong to Shu? Let’s make an analogy. Hu ronghua, the great master of Chinese chess, once said in a TV interview that he had all kinds of ways to play chess, one of which was to take away all his five pawns. After hearing this, the host didn’t think it was useful to be a mere pawn – it’s normal. There are no incompetent soldiers, only incompetent generals. The host can’t play chess, so he has this impression. Hu ronghua certainly disagrees with this view. He said solemnly, “that’s not the case. Pawns still play a great role. Without pawns, it’s like people who don’t wear clothes in winter will be very cold!”
Hanzhong is such warm clothing for Shu.
As the forward base of Shu and the buffer zone of the Wei and Shu armies, it occupies the middle of Han Dynasty and can compete for Guanlong in the north and cover Bashu in the south. Anyone with a clear eye can see this clearly. Yang Hong said to Zhugeliang in this way, “Hanzhong benefits the throat of China, and there is no chance of survival or death. Without Hanzhong, there would be no Shu.” Huang Quan, a general of Shu, also said, “if you lose Hanzhong, the three Ba will not recover. This is the cutting of the arm of Shu.” Gu Zuyu, a native of the Qing Dynasty, expressed in more detail in the summary of reading history and public opinion: “Hanzhong mansion overlooks Guanzhong in the north, covers Bashu in the south, reaches xiangdeng in the East, and controls Qinlong in the West. The situation is the most serious.”
Such an important town should be guarded by a famous general. Everyone thought that Zhang Fei would be sent, and Zhang Fei also thought that he had to be, but no one thought that Liu Bei’s choice in the end was Wei Yan, such an insignificant role.
Of course, Liu Bei also knows what everyone thinks. In order to establish Wei Yan’s prestige, he specially arranged for him to deliver the policy agenda in front of everyone, which is no less than the modern post defense. Liu Bei asked, “why do you want to live in a place where you are entrusted with an important task?” Wei Yan replied, “Cao Cao is coming from all over the world, please refuse it for the king; if he leads a hundred thousand people, please swallow it for the king.” “The former Lord called it good, and the others salty and strong.”. Liu Bei was very satisfied with this heroic statement, and later Jin granted Wei Yan the title of general of Zhenbei.
At the beginning of the empress Liu Chan’s accession to the throne, he enfevered a large number of ministers in order to win over the people. At this time, Wei Yan was granted the title of duting Hou. The three kingdoms are turbulent times, and everything is chaotic, including the Marquis; It is divided into three levels: County Hou, township Hou and pavilion Hou. Cao Cao made Guan Yu the Marquis of Hanshou Pavilion, and the city of food was Hanshou Pavilion; When Wei Yan was first sealed, it was at this level, and there was only one village in Shiyi. But it doesn’t matter. He made rapid progress later.
In the fifth year of Jianxing, in 227 A.D., Zhugeliang decided to make a northern expedition, and then entered Hanzhong to reorganize the troops, transport grain and grass, and be ready to go to war at any time. At this time, Wei Yan’s task was the front of the governor, and his official positions were the prime minister Sima and the governor of Liangzhou. From 227 to 234 A.D., Zhugeliang organized six northern expeditions. In the romance of the Three Kingdoms, it was called “six expeditions out of Qishan”. In fact, there were only two expeditions out of Qishan (now Qishan fort in Li County, Gansu Province), and the rest four expeditions were used elsewhere. Wei Yan participated in all the six northern expeditions, which can be described as hard work and high achievements; There was another time when he played the leading role. This was the fourth Northern Expedition in the eighth year of Jianxing and 230 ad.
Strictly speaking, this was not the northern expedition. At least it was not Zhugeliang’s Northern Expedition, but Wei Yan’s northern expedition at most. At first, the Wei army was on the offensive: in the autumn of that year, the Wei army attacked Hanzhong in three ways, Sima Yi went out of Xicheng (now the northwest of Ankang, Shaanxi Province), Zhang Ying went out of Ziwu Valley, and Cao Zhen went out of the inclined valley. Zhugeliang stationed troops in Chenggu (now the east of Chenggu County, Shaanxi Province) and chiban (twenty miles east of Yang County, Shaanxi Province) to compete with them. It happened that it rained heavily for more than a month, so the Wei army had to retreat. Zhugeliang took the opportunity to send Wei Yan and Wu Yi deep into the Qiang, contact the Qiang people, and harass the rear of the Wei army.
Wei Yan and Wu Yi immediately led their troops westward into the Qiang residential area. In November of that year, they recruited soldiers and expanded their ranks to more than 10000, constantly harassing the Wei army. General Fei Yao and Yongzhou governor Guo Huai led the troops to put out the fire, and the two armies fought fiercely in Yangxi. It was Wei Yan, not Wei Jun, who finally won. Guo Huai and other enemies could not defeat Wei Yan, so they had to retreat to Didao (now Lintao, Gansu Province), where Longxi County was governed at that time. Guo Huai is also a famous general of the state of Wei. Wei Yan’s ability to defeat him is certainly not “careless”. Because of this, he was soon promoted to the great general of the western expedition and became the Marquis of Nanzheng.
Wei and Shu are pinching each other. What is Wu doing? In the spring of that year, Sun Quan sent General Wei Wen and zhugezhi to lead 10000 officers and soldiers to “float the sea to seek Yizhou and report to the state”. Wei Wen’s fleet set out from Zhang’an (now Southeast of Linhai, Zhejiang Province) and landed in the south of Yizhou (Taiwan). When Sun Quan asked for advice in advance, many people supported it, but the famous general Lu Xun unexpectedly opposed it. He believes that this move is not worth the loss. At that time, Lu Xun was naturally good, but now, Sun Quan’s move is still meritorious to the country.
Wei Yan won the northern expedition. Let’s take another look at Zhugeliang’s Northern Expedition results:
In the spring of 228 BC, Zhugeliang threatened to take advantage of the steep valley in advance, letting Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi set up suspicious soldiers to attract Cao Zhen’s heavy troops, and led a large army to attack Qishan. Nan’an, Tianshui and anding counties in Longyou fought against Wei and annexed Shu. At this time, Zhang Ying led his army to resist and broke Ma Su’s Street Pavilion. The Shu army won first and then lost. The only result of the war was that Zhugeliang returned to Hanzhong with more than a thousand people in West County of Tianshui County, including Jiang Wei. Due to the failure of the war, Zhugeliang demoted himself to the right general and acted as prime minister. This is a Qi Mountain.
In the winter of the same year, Wei and Wu handed over troops, and the main force of the Wei army was transferred to the East, leaving Guanzhong empty. Zhugeliang immediately went out of Sanguan (now southwest of Baoji City, Shaanxi Province) and surrounded Chencang (Chencang District, Baoji City). After more than 20 days of siege, the city was fortified and difficult to get down. The Shu army hurried to start its troops. Due to the lack of military food, it had to return to Hanzhong. The harvest this time was to kill Wei General Wang Shuang who came to catch up. The grass didn’t hug, but it hit the rabbit.
In the spring of 229 A.D., Zhugeliang sent Chen Shi to attack Wudu (around Cheng County, Gansu Province) and Yinping (around Wen County, Gansu Province today) in order to seize summer grain here as military capital to support the war. Guohuai, the governor of weiguoyong Prefecture, brought troops to the rescue, and Zhugeliang also rushed to Jianwei (West of Xihe County, Gansu Province) to support. Knowing that he was defeated, Guo Huai immediately withdrew his troops, and Shu gained the above-mentioned two prefectures, so Zhugeliang restored the name of prime minister. This was Zhugeliang’s third northern expedition. In the same year, Zhao Yun died of illness, and Sun Quan became emperor; Wu Shu meet in the world, Yu, Qing, Xu, you four States belong to Wu, Yan, Ji, and Liang belong to Shu, Si Zhou to Hangu pass as the boundary; Cao Zhi, the author of the seven step poem, was renamed as the king of Dong’e, with 3000 households in the city. Although Cao Pi, the former competitor and brother, is dead, Cao Pi has not been able to transfer. He is king in name, but is actually under house arrest, because the legal scope of activities is only 30 Li centered in East Afghanistan. Depressed and indignant, he created Buddhist fan Bai music.
In February 231 ad, Zhugeliang led a large army to attack Qishan again and transported military funds with wooden oxen and horses. At that time, Cao Zhen, the governor of the state of Wei, was seriously ill, and Sima Yi unified his troops to resist the enemy. Zhugeliang snatched the wheat from Shangying (now Tianshui, Gansu Province) to fill the military grain. Sima Yi chased Lucheng (between Tianshui and Gangu), dug up camps and dared not go to war. Later, the two armies fought, Wei Yan and others cut the enemy’s first 3000 levels of armor, and captured 5000 collars of Xuan armor and 3100 crossbows. During the rainy season in June, the Sichuan Road was difficult to travel. Li Yan lied that Wu had allied with Wei and was about to attack because of poor grain transportation. Please Zhugeliang return the division. Zhang Ying, the general of the state of Wei, was chased to Mumen (about the midpoint between Li county and Tianshui in today’s Gansu Province), and was killed by an arrow. This is the fifth Northern Expedition, the second out of Qishan.
In February of 234 ad, Zhugeliang unified the troops to praise the ramp and occupied the wuzhangyuan of Martial Arts (now the south of Qishan, Shaanxi). Sima Yi was unable to defend, and the Shu army immediately stationed fields along the Weihe River. In August of that year, Zhugeliang died of illness in the army, Yang Yi and others returned the army to the division, and Wei Yan’s “rebellion” broke out. In this year, Liu Xie, Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty, who had almost never been in power, also ended his life at the age of 54.
During the six northern expeditions, Wei Yan was a cadre, and he made contributions twice. It can be seen that he was not a mediocre. In that case, why wouldn’t Zhugeliang trust reuse? The main reason is that their personalities, to be exact, their military opinions are contradictory. “Zhu Ge is only cautious all his life”. In his early years, he may also have some pioneering and enterprising spirit of adventure. For example, in Longzhong Dui, he proposed to join forces with Liu Bei and seize the Central Plains by two-way attack. After he really took charge of the military power, he gradually became cautious, and always worked steadily step by step. Wei Yan, on the other hand, did not. He often “wanted to hire thousands of soldiers, and met with Liang Yidao at Tongguan, such as the story of Han Xin”.
What is the “Han Xin story”? It’s very simple. It’s the path choice of Han Xin when he attacked Guanzhong from Hanzhong. We all know the idiom “build the plank road openly and cross the Chencang secretly”. The problem is that Han Xin asked people to build it. Where is the plank road? Which way did Liu Bang go to Hanzhong, which way did Zhang Liang suggest burning, and which way did he go when he finally entered Guanzhong? This matter must be clarified.
There are four main roads to cross the Qinling Mountains from Guanzhong to Hanzhong: the old road, namely Chencang road. From Chencang to Sanguan in the southwest, along the upper reaches of Jialing River (old daoshui) Valley to today’s Fengxian County, Shaanxi Province, turn to the southeast and enter Baogu Valley, and reach Hanzhong out of the valley; The Baoxie Road, from Baogu in Baocheng Town, Hanzhong City today to the Xigu in Baiqi’s hometown Gai county (now Meixian County, Shaanxi Province), was built during the reign of emperor Huiwang of Qin Dynasty, with a total length of about 230 kilometers; Ziwu Road, from duling (now Southeast of Xi’an) to the south, passes through Ziwu Valley in Ziwu Town, Chang’an County to Hanzhong. This road basically runs north-south, so it is called Ziwu Road, which is closest to Chang’an; On dangluo Road, the north entrance Luogu is in the southwest of today’s Shaanxi Province, and the south entrance Tanggu is in the north of today’s Shaanxi western county. In the middle, it passes through Luoshui River Valley and Tangshui River Valley, with a length of more than 400 Li. The road was winding and difficult to walk, and few people passed by at that time. Nowadays, some donkey friends want to walk through and experience the difficulties of Sichuan roads, but they can’t find any valuable information.
Whether these four roads, Chencang Road, Ziwu road and dangluo road existed in Qin Dynasty, can’t be found in historical records, but only the commendation ramp can be determined, and the plank road was paved at that time.
First of all, where is the plank road that Zhang Liang suggested to burn. This point is less controversial. Except that the water classic notes believes that it is on the Meridian Road, most ancient books believe that it is on the slope, that is, the commendation slope.
“Zizhi Tongjian” has such a record: “the king of Han sent Liang back to Han, Liang said that the king of Han burned the plank road in case the princes stole soldiers, and showed that Xiang Yu had no intention.” The meaning is very clear. What Zhang Liang suggested Liu Bang to burn was the plank road he passed when he came to Hanzhong, not another plank road, otherwise it would make no sense.
According to the records of the historian, Gaozu Benji, “the kingdom of the king of Han… Entered the eclipse from Dunan.” The book of Han, Emperor Gaodi Ji also contains: “in summer and April, when the princes stopped playing, each of them became a state. 30000 people died from the Yu emissary, and tens of thousands of people from the king of Han, the sons of Chu, and the princes worshipped it, and went into the eclipse from Dunan.”
In other words, Liu Bang’s entry into Hanzhong was “from Dunan to eclipse”, which is undoubtedly true. The question is how to understand this sentence. There have been differences in history, about three.
First, the Meridian Road. According to the annotation of the water Sutra, “the Han River converges with the straight water in the East… The water flows out of the rock ridge of the Ziwu Valley in the north, and branches in the south. The ten day water flows from the South cistance again. There are garrisons on the mountain, placed on the Chongfu, and facing the abyss below. Zhang Zifang burns out the stack Pavilion, showing no return.” It is clearly pointed out that Liu Bang came to Hanzhong via the Meridian Road.
The second is to praise the oblique way. Song’s “Yu Di Ji Sheng” contains: “commendation Valley… Zhang Liang sent Gaozu to commendation, saying that the plank road was burned out; Cao Cao came out of the valley, and the army covered the middle of the Han Dynasty; Zhugeliang came from the valley, which is the same way.”. Gu Zuyu of the Qing Dynasty quoted an article in the summary of reading history, Fang Yu: “the Hu family said: Han Gao is the king of Han Dynasty. He entered the valley from Dunan, and Zhang Liang sent it to Baozhong, which means that this is the old way of the valley.” According to the records of Liuba hall compiled by he Zhongyu of the Qing Dynasty, “the history says that the king of the Han Dynasty entered the erosion from Dunan. The annotator of the history does not know where the erosion is. The summary of Fang Yu reading history suspects that it is Ziwu valley because of Dunan, which is not true. According to the biography of liuhou” It is said that ‘send it to praise’. Baozhong is in the west of Hanzhong and Ziwu Valley is in the northeast of Hanzhong. From Ziwu Valley to Hanzhong, you must first go to Hanzhong, and then to Baozhong. You cannot go to Baozhong first, and then to Hanzhong. When Ziwu Valley didn’t hear of Qin Dynasty, there was a plank road. Those who have plank roads, only praise slanting ears. In his praise, the emperor was persuaded to burn what he had done. It was clear that he came from the valley of decline, not from the valley of noon. It is said that those from Dunan will go from the south of Du county to the west near the foot of the mountain and into the inclined valley after the opera. In the eclipse, or the synonym of the valley. ” This statement is based on the statement “Zhang Liang sent to the commendation” in the historical records, but the records in the book of Han are more detailed: the king of Han “went into the eclipse from Dunan. Zhang Liang’s words went to South Korea, and the king of Han sent them to the commendation”. In other words, its main argument is problematic. Zhang Liang first arrived in Hanzhong, then Liu Bang saw him off, and then sent him to Baozhong, not breaking up directly in Baozhong.
Third, Dang Luodao said. This statement is rare. Cheng Dachang’s “Yonglu” speculates that “Eclipse” or Luogu, but the tone is not very sure. According to the Qing Dynasty’s “collection of ancient and modern books · Fang Yu collection”: “hanwangling is 70 miles north of [Yang] County, that is, Luogu Road, which was named after emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty.” According to the records of Foping hall in the Qing Dynasty, “father and son ridge, 60 miles northwest of the hall, is high and low, with sharp stone bones. It is said that in the Qin Dynasty, father and son ruled the road in the ridge to meet the king of Han Dynasty. If they didn’t meet, they all fell into the ridge to die, so it’s named.” This ridge is located in Luogu according to the ground. Although it is “handed down”, it may not be completely groundless. There is also the possibility that there will be no waves without wind.
The reason for bringing up this topic is not a textual research hobby, but the reputation of two famous generals: Han Xin and Wei Yan.
Hanzhong Museum has a famous stone carving called “Ode to Shimen”, which is also known as “Ode to Yang Jun, the former colonel of Sili”, also known as “Ode to Yang Mengwen”. This is an important work in the history of calligraphy, the famous cliff stone carvings of Hanli, and the handwriting of Wang Sheng, the governor of Hanzhong during the Eastern Han Dynasty. The book of the third year of Jianhe in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 148) was carved on the Shimen cliff of the Baoxie road. In the 1970s, because of the construction of the reservoir, the carved stone was chiseled down and transferred to the Hanzhong Museum. “Ode to the stone gate” has such words: “emperor Gaozu was ordered to prosper in Hanzhong, and the Tao scattered from midnight to Qin”.
Through the ages, this passage has become the most powerful evidence of Ziwu Dao theory, but after careful consideration, there are considerable loopholes. First of all, according to the general rules of ancient Chinese and the phonological tone of the text, two sentences should be a paragraph. Moreover, Liu Bang was demoted when he went south to Hanzhong and went straight to the limit of decline. Where does “Xing” begin? His exit from Hanzhong is the beginning of the impact of the trading limit, so that the word “Xing” can be used. It can be seen that this cannot be used as proof of his way to go.
Nowadays, most academics believe that Liu Bang came from the afternoon Valley, but what he burned was the plank road in the Baoxie valley. This statement simply cannot stand scrutiny and is completely unreasonable. Not only that, at that time, the situation was turbulent and the war was in chaos. It was not at all like Xu Xiake who had a full view of the great rivers and mountains of the motherland. What was the reason for Zhang Liang to follow Liu Bang from Ziwu Valley to Baoxie Valley? Does Zhang Liang want to explore the way first? If you want to go back like this, Zhang Liang has to go a long way. This point can be clearly seen by looking at the orientation on the “Atlas of Chinese history”.
It can be seen from this that Liu Bang must have come from Hanzhong from Baoxie ramp, and finally burned the plank road there. In this way, new problems arise. How to explain the “Tao from noon to Qin” in Longmen song. Ziwu road is in the East and Sanguan is in the west, which is thousands of miles away. It is impossible for Tao to “spread out into Qin” from midnight, and “spread out into Qin” can only follow the old way, that is, Chencang road.
The explanation of this problem in the records of Liuba hall is relatively reasonable. Among them, it is said that “when Gaozu flourished in Hanzhong, he came from xiegu. He established the throne by fixing the three Qin Dynasties, but he came out of Sanguan. However, there are suspicious people, Sanguan is far away from Ziwu, and he cannot return to Sanguan from Ziwu. Both records of history and the book of Han say that Gaozu attacked Chencang from the old way. It should be the way to Sanguan. And Ziwu is said to be measured by intention, or by Han Xin. Records of history Huaiyin Hou Zhuan says: ‘deploy all generals to come out’. According to the book of Han Dynasty, Emperor Gaodi Benji, ‘I listened to the plan and deployed all the generals.’ Gaozu will not be the only one to leave the school that day. After the fall, Wei Yan asked for 5000 odd soldiers, straight out of the praise, along the Qinling Mountains to the East and at noon to the north, as in the story of Han Xin. It can be seen that Gaozu followed the old path and Han Xin followed Ziwu. “
This is the opportunity for the reputation of the two famous generals. When Liu Bang came out of Hanzhong, the main force followed the old path in order to detour back to the side of Yong army; At the same time, there is also a strange soldier – perhaps not Han Xin himself, but a general under his command, and the commander is more likely to follow the main force – out of Ziwu Valley, flanked by East and West. There are two aspects to consider in this deployment: first, the road is narrow, and it is difficult for the army to pass quickly, so it must be diverted to speed up the progress; Second, they can echo and cooperate with each other.
This is what Han Xin and Wei Yan will do.
In other words, Wei Yan asked Zhugeliang to allocate 10000 troops to him. He chose 5000 people to fight and 5000 people to transport. Like Han Xin’s deployment, he attacked from praise, followed the Qinling Mountains to the east at noon and North, raided Chang’an within ten days, and then joined Zhugeliang at Tongguan. Because this road is the closest to Chang’an, an important town in Guanzhong. Wei Yan’s strategy can be called a cool one: tiger takes heart. Full of pioneering spirit. Although there is also an element of adventure, there is no certainty of victory in any battle. No matter how wise a choice is, it can’t completely rule out the risk factor. This is common sense. From the point of view of modern war, the odds of winning this choice are much greater than Zhugeliang’s insistence on stability, because Cao Wei is stronger than Pianan’s Shuhan in terms of products, military power and talents. The overall national strength is dominated by others. In this case, seeking stability can certainly increase your chances of winning, but it also gives your opponent sufficient reaction time. Taken together, it is not cost-effective. Only by making a difference in time can you be surprised and unprepared. This is why professional players who play go may lose to amateur players in fast chess. In slow chess, which can be safely considered, the probability of such a result is much smaller.
“Art of war” says: all who fight, with the right combination, to win by surprise. The core of Wei Yan’s plan is to win by surprise. However, because it was inconsistent with Zhugeliang’s general policy, it had been “controlled but not allowed”, so Wei Yan’s enthusiasm was greatly hit, and slowly began to complain: “it is often said that Liang is timid, and it is not enough to sigh and hate himself”. In this way, different opinions gradually developed into emotional alienation and strangeness, which finally affected Zhugeliang’s trust in him. If this is not the case, Zhugeliang, who is famous for knowing people and being good at their duties, why should he make such a bad decision when arranging future affairs!
Today, more than a thousand years later, the set of “annals of the Three Kingdoms” in front of me is covered with dust, and the paper is already in decay. Nevertheless, through the thick historical dust, I can still feel the great pressure Wei Yan faced at that time. This pressure is by no means just a matter of face. Once Yang Yi led the main force to retreat according to the secret order of “if Yan doesn’t comply, the army will spontaneously”, Wei Yan’s tens of thousands of cavalry will face Sima Yi alone. Zhugeliang’s command of the army can only be in a stalemate with the Wei army. Wei Yan’s partial division against the main force of the Wei army, is it not hitting the stone with an egg? At this time, following the army to retreat is not only a shame, but also a problem of settling accounts after autumn. In any case, he violated the political mandate of the prime minister, and his old enemy Yang Yi will certainly not give up; If you don’t retreat, you can only surrender, otherwise you will inevitably be swallowed by your opponents. It’s really a dilemma. Tearing up the Dragon Robe is also dead, and killing the crown prince is also dead. Wei Yan made extreme choices in such a bloody background, which fully conforms to his character. This is precisely where Zhugeliang’s mistakes lie. As a commander in chief, he should have an overall grasp of the character of his civil servants and generals. Isn’t it?
The strength of Shu was originally relatively weak. From the beginning of its foundation to its final demise, the brilliant situation of Cao Cao’s generals like the wind and advisers like the clouds has not appeared. The lack of talents has always plagued the decision-making level, otherwise it would not be “there are no generals in Shu, and Liao Hua is the pioneer”. Only in this way, Wei Yan’s desperate and extreme choice was a tragedy and loss to himself and the foundation of the Shu Han Dynasty. And what is the root cause of this tragedy? The rule of man is illegal, or the rule of machine (structure).
Wei Yan and Yang Yi must have their own reasons for their “high sexuality”; The failure to win the trust and favor of Zhugeliang may also be related to his own complaints. To paraphrase a fashionable modern saying, there is a problem with “communication ability”. But the most critical point is that only one person the final say in the selection of talents and the appointment of cadres, and there is no complete and effective system guarantee. When Liu Bei was alive, he could still make some decisions, so Wei Yancai had the opportunity to state his views directly to Zhugeliang. As soon as Liu Bei died, the main reason was that he couldn’t get on the wall, and the major event was completely decided by Zhugeliang; But Zhugeliang didn’t like Wei Yan’s strategy and thought it was not feasible. In this case, if Wei Yan is not excluded, isn’t it strange.
However, it was a big mistake to exclude Wei Yan and to reuse Ma su.
If the five most famous Peking Opera Laosheng dramas are selected, it must be “lost, empty and cut”: “lost Street Pavilion”, “empty city plan” and “cut Ma Su” are collectively referred to as three consecutive short dramas. Of course, the protagonist of this play is Zhugeliang, an old man. However, it is Ma Su with a painted face who promotes the development of the plot. This person is from Yicheng, Xiangyang County, Jingzhou (now Yicheng, Hubei Province), and his word is young and often. The five brothers all have virtuous names, known as “Mahalanobis Wuchang”. Ma Su and Ma Liang are the most famous. As for Ma Su, we all know that Liu Bei once concluded that “exaggeration should not be used too much”, but the reason for the loss of the Street Pavilion is probably still at the level of the novel romance that Ma Su insisted on going to war and even did not hesitate to establish the so-called military order. This is certainly not a historical fact. According to the “annals of the Three Kingdoms · Shu Shu · biography of Ma Liang and Ma Su”, there were generals Wei Yan and Wu Yi (Yi) at that time, all of whom said that it was appropriate to order as the vanguard, while the light disobeyed the public and pulled Su out of the front. ” In other words, Zhugeliang not only completely forgot Liu Bei’s last words, but also chose Ma Su against all opinions at that time. I think the scene must be quite intense.
After the defeat of Jieting, Zhugeliang wanted to implement the battlefield discipline and kill Ma su. Jiang Wan, the successor he selected at that time, also had different opinions on this point. He said, “in the past, Chu killed his ministers, and then Wen Gongxi, you know. How about killing wise people before the world is decided?”
Jiang Wan told the story of Duke Wen Chong’er of Jin. In order to seek hegemony, in 632 BC (the 20th year of King Xiang of Zhou), in the name of assisting the state of song, he competed with the Chu army commanded by Cheng Dechen for hegemony in the Central Plains, and finally broke out the battle of Chengpu (now near Puyang, Henan). This was the largest war between Jin and Chu, and the story of “retreat” took place during this period. Cheng Dechen, with the word Ziyu, is the Lingyin of the state of Chu. Ignoring the advice of King Cheng of Chu, he became militaristic and was defeated in the end. According to the records of the historical records of the Jin aristocratic family, “Jin burned the Chu army, and the fire did not stop for several days. Duke Wen sighed. He said to the left and right: why do you worry about defeating Chu? Duke Wen said: I am afraid that only saints can defeat an. And Ziyu is still there, which is gratifying. After Ziyu’s defeat, King Cheng of Chu was angry with him without words, greedy and fought with Jin, so he blamed Ziyu, and Ziyu committed suicide. Duke Wen of Jin said: I hit him outside, Chu killed him inside. Inside and outside correspond. So it is joy.” In other words, although he won the war, Chong ER was still worried because Ziyu was still there. However, later, because of the accusation of King Cheng of Chu, Ziyu committed suicide in shame. When the news came out, Chong ER was overjoyed.
Jiang Wan’s words cannot be unreasonable, but Zhugeliang is more reasonable. He has very close personal relations with Ma Su and Ma Liang. The reason why he insists on cutting is that the latter has a more serious plot: escape after defeat.
At that time, Xiang Lang was the prime minister and fought with the army. He has a good relationship with Ma su. “Biography to Lang” has such words: “Su fled, Lang knew nothing about it, hated it, dismissed and returned to Chengdu.” That is to say, after the defeat of Jieting, Ma Su did not surrender and go back to the camp to plead guilty, but absconded from the crime. Long Shi Xiang Lang was dismissed by Zhugeliang due to his ignorance. It must be this twists and turns that made Zhugeliang kill. In the biography of Zhugeliang, it is said that Zhugeliang “stabbed Su to thank the people”. In the biography of Wang Ping, it is further recorded that “the Prime Minister Liang killed Ma Su and generals Zhang Xiu and Li Sheng.”
However, Ma Su did not die in the end of the military law. The biography of Ma Su clearly records this: “Su was imprisoned for the cause”, that is, before the death penalty could be executed, he had died in prison at the age of 39. It seems that the 39 year old is indeed a doorsill. Yue Fei didn’t step over, Zheng Chenggong didn’t step over, and Guevara and Chopin all fell before the doorsill, plus this talented Ma su. Although he is not a general of the army, he is a wise staff, especially good at planning and judgment. It was this that blurred Zhugeliang’s vision: he confused the difference between planning ability and execution ability.
Some people think that Zhugeliang’s beheading of Ma Su is a combination of improper handling and mistakes, and even a bit of looking for scapegoats. This view goes too far again. Chen Shou’s view on this is of great reference significance. At that time, his father joined the army under Ma su. He was also punished by Kun and shaved his head to show shame. He lost his fame and had to go home to get a wife and have children, raising the famous historian Chen Shou. Although his father suffered humiliation, Chen Shou still adhered to the principle of historians and did not mention it at all, so now no one knows his father’s name; More importantly, he did not blame Zhugeliang for his handling of the matter, but praised it between the lines. It can be confirmed on the side.
With the Western Shu Pianan, always for the young often wave painful tears;
There is no rain in the East Mountain, and I finally pity uncle Guan for the wrong rumors.
This is the Elegy Written by Young Marshal Zhang Xueliang for Yang Yuting after he decisively killed the rebellious Yang Yuting and Chang yinhuai with the action of thunder. Yang and Chang are the Northeast veterans and the right-hand men of his father. Zhang Xueliang wanted to kill them because they were domineering and directly threatened their position. However, Zhang Xueliang didn’t implicate any official subordinates after the event, and “the crime is not as bad as his wife”: he sent 10000 yuan of comfort money to the two families respectively, arranged the funeral ceremoniously, and wrote an elegy for the two by hand. The elegy for Chang yinhuai is:
Heaven and earth are both rumored to pity uncle CAI;
Jiangshan also Han Dynasty, dare to Huaiyin for family crimes.
These two couplets are well written. There are some problems with the antithesis – considering the special identity of the author, this problem can be completely ignored – but the allusion is very appropriate. Separate the stories of Uncle CAI and uncle Guan, and compare Ma Su with Yang Yuting, and Han Xin with Chang yinhuai. Whether Yang and Chang should be killed or not, for the time being, from Zhang Xueliang’s attitude towards Yang Yuting, we can roughly imagine Zhugeliang’s mood towards Ma Su at that time. Tear and cut, have to kill; In other words, it’s called pain killer. He killed Ma Su – although he couldn’t kill it – there was no problem. The problem was only the use of Ma su.
Use the wrong person and lose three counties. The most serious thing was that the whole army was in danger of being cut off, and Zhugeliang had to withdraw in a hurry, which could be described as humiliating. If not, why should he insist on self deprecation.